Making Meaning of Motherhood: A Phenomenological Investigation of Mothers Raised By Grandparents

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to investigate the construction of motherhood of women raised by grandparents. The epistemological framework of Women’s Ways of Knowing provided the theoretical perspective, and the concept of ego development added descriptive depth. Seven mothers who identified as having been raised primarily by one or more grandparents were recruited for the study. Data collection consisted of one semi-structured interview and the shortened version of the Washington Sentence Completion Test (WUSCT-81) to assess ego development. Questions this study sought to answer were: What does it mean to be a mother who was raised by a grandparent? Sub-questions were: What themes within the meaning-making of women raised by grandparents may contribute to perceptions of motherhood? What are the influences of gender, culture, and social class in the development of perceptions of motherhood by women raised by grandparents? What is the relationship between the participant’s level of ego development and her perceptions of motherhood? The following themes emerged through this inductive study: unselfish motherhood; hindered belonging; generational incongruence; a la carte motherhood models; level of perceived support; and reflective gratitude. Implications for future research, Counselor Education and Supervision, and Family Counseling are discussed, as are limitations of the study

Design and Implementation of Scientific Inquiry using Technology in a Teacher Education Program

Two hundred and fifteen pre-service teachers engaged in a scientific inquiry unit in the newly created Bachelorof Primary and Early Childhood Education course at an Australian university This paper discusses how theTechnological, Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK) model provided the conceptual framework todesign an online inquiry unit. The unit enabled students to research an authentic problem focusing onenvironmental sustainability using an inquiry framework and an array of information and communicationtechnology (ICT) tools. The survey data collected at the conclusion of the unit indicated that 90 % of studentsthought the unit improved their understanding of the inquiry process and 88% reported more confidence in theirunderstanding of science concepts. Ninety four percent of students reported an increase in their knowledge andconfidence of Web 2.0 tools in supporting scientific inquiry in science. The research determined that the onlinescaffolded inquiry improved students’ knowledge and confidence in the skills and processes associated withinquiry and in science concepts. It will, however, not replace more traditional hands-on investigative approachesbut provides a complementary valuable tool to teach interesting and engaging science

Advancing the Standards for Unmanned Air System Communications, Navigation and Surveillance

Under NASA program NNA16BD84C, new architectures were identified and developed for supporting reliable and secure Communications, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) needs for Unmanned Air Systems (UAS) operating in both controlled and uncontrolled airspace. An analysis of architectures for the two categories of airspace and an implementation technology readiness analysis were performed. These studies produced NASA reports that have been made available in the public domain and have been briefed in previous conferences. We now consider how the products of the study are influencing emerging directions in the aviation standards communities. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Communications Panel (CP), Working Group I (WG-I) is currently developing a communications network architecture known as the Aeronautical Telecommunications Network with Internet Protocol Services (ATN/IPS). The target use case for this service is secure and reliable Air Traffic Management (ATM) for manned aircraft operating in controlled airspace. However, the work is more and more also considering the emerging class of airspace users known as Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS), which refers to certain UAS classes. In addition, two Special Committees (SCs) in the Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics (RTCA) are developing Minimum Aviation System Performance Standards (MASPS) and Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) for UAS. RTCA SC-223 is investigating an Internet Protocol Suite (IPS) and AeroMACS aviation data link for interoperable (INTEROP) UAS communications. Meanwhile, RTCA SC-228 is working to develop Detect And Avoid (DAA) equipment and a Command and Control (C2) Data Link MOPS establishing LBand and C-Band solutions. These RTCA Special Committees along with ICAO CP WG/I are therefore overlapping in terms of the Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) alternatives they are seeking to provide for an integrated manned- and unmanned air traffic management service as well as remote pilot command and control. This paper presents UAS CNS architecture concepts developed under the NASA program that apply to all three of the aforementioned committees. It discusses the similarities and differences in the problem spaces under consideration in each committee, and considers the application of a common set of CNS alternatives that can be widely applied. As the works of these committees progress, it is clear that the overlap will need to be addressed to ensure a consistent and safe framework for worldwide aviation. In this study, we discuss similarities and differences in the various operational models and show how the CNS architectures developed under the NASA program apply

High-Speed Running Density in Collegiate Women’s Soccer

High-speed running density (HSRd) is a relatively new concept developed to discern between HSR volume and intensity. HSRd is the ratio of high-speed efforts to distance covered. PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess the differences in HSRd between training and games, and among positions in collegiate women’s soccer. A second aim was to correlate HSRd with other training metrics. METHODS: Data was collected during the in-season through global positioning units (GPS) worn by athletes (n = 20) for 42 training sessions and 15 games. A speed of 5 m×s-1 was used as the threshold for defining HSR. RESULTS: HSRd did not differ between training sessions and games (H(1) = 0.875, p = .349) or by position during training sessions (H(3) = 7.503, p = .057). However, HSRd differed by position during games (H(3) = 116.560, p \u3c .001, d = .165-484). Midfielders had higher HSRd than goalies and defenders. HSRd had low correlations (p \u3c .001) with HSR efforts (r = .128), top speed (r = .061), and HSRd intensity (r = .043, p = .003). A low inverse correlation (p \u3c .001) was found between HSRd and sprint distance (r = -.135). CONCLUSION: There is a difference in HSRd between positions during games, but not training sessions. Midfielders had higher HSRd than goalies and defenders during games. The increase in HSRd for midfielders may be a result of games being less predictable than training sessions, or the expectations of competitive play. The coaching staff and athletes may have tendencies which force midfielders to display higher HSRd during games. Observing HSRd over the course of multiple seasons with various teams, coaching staffs, and athletes will increase the reliability of the data produced. This information would help coaching staffs plan load management strategies for their athletes, potentially decreasing risk of injury

Applications of photography to agricultural research [early photographs of Rothamsted taken from the air]

Pamphlets 256 (11d

Destruction of single species biofi lms of Escherichia coli or Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae by dextranase, lactoferrin, and lysozyme

The aim of this work was to determine the destructive activity of dextranase, lactoferrin, and lysozyme, against single species biofi lms composed of either Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae or Escherichia coli using the MBEC Assay. Luminescence measurements based on quantitation of the ATP present were used to determine the amount of biofi lm elimination and correlated with quantity of live bacteria present in the sample. The data were analyzed employing a two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post-test. Treatments resulted in percentage reductions of E. coli biofi lms ranging from 73 to 98 %. Lactoferrin (40 μg/ml) produced a signifi cantly higher-percentage reduction than lysozyme (10 μg/ml) (P < 0.05), no other signifi cant differences occurred. Similar treatments resulted in percentage reductions of K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae biofilms ranging from 51 to 100 %. Dextranase treatments produced a signifi cantly lower percentage reduction than all other materials (P < 0.05), no other signifi cant differences occurred. No material was capable of complete destruction of both single species biofi lms; however, low concentrations of lactoferrin and lysozyme each removed 100 % of the K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae biofi lm. Low concentrations of lactoferrin or lysozyme might be benefi cial to prevent biofi lm formation by K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae. [Int Microbiol 2012; 15(4):183-187