645 research outputs found
Differences in Shame Across Ethnic Groups in the United States
There are various theories that can be used to understand the self-conscious emotion of shame. Because shame is a function of social appraisal, culture plays a significant role in the experience and expression of shame. A review of the literature reveals that mainstream culture impacts the experience of shame among minority groups, and that its related to different social norms for each group. Minimal empirical research on shame and minority groups suggest that we know little about the experience of shame among African Americans, Asian Americans and Hispanic/Latino/a Americans other that the various social contexts that trigger it
Face validity evaluation of screening tools for gaming disorder: Scope, language, and overpathologizing issues
Aim: Critics of gaming disorder (GD; i.e., Internet gaming disorder in the DSM-5; Gaming disorder in
the ICD-11) have expressed concerns about the potential risks of misclassification (e.g., false positives).
An important consideration of relevance to this discussion is the extent to which commonly used
screening instruments contain appropriate, sensible, and relevant items. The aim of this review was to
evaluate the face validity of items within current tools for GD. Methods: A systematic review of databases
identified 29 instruments. An item bank (n5417 items) was independently evaluated by three
professional raters (i.e., a senior academic in clinical psychology, a senior psychometrician, and an
academic/clinical psychologist) according to guidelines for defining and measuring addiction and
gaming disorder. Findings: Evaluation of the item bank identified issues related to: scope (i.e., “scope
creep” or items of questionable relevance); language (i.e., confusing language, unusual wording or
syntax); and overpathologizing (i.e., pathologizing typical and/or beneficial aspects or consequences of
gaming). A total of 71 items across 23 tools had at least one face validity issue. Conclusions: Most items
(83%) demonstrated satisfactory face validity and were consistent with either the DSM-5 or ICD-11 GD
classification. However, many tests contain at least one item that may pathologize normal gaming
behaviors. Such items refer to basic changes in mood when gaming, a desire to play or continue playing
games, and experiencing immersion when gaming. This analysis highlights the challenges of screening
for problematic behaviors that are thought to arise within the context of normal recreational activitie
Extreme and compound ocean events are key drivers of projected low pelagic fish biomass.
Ocean extreme events, such as marine heatwaves, can have harmful impacts on marine ecosystems. Understanding the risks posed by such extreme events is key to develop strategies to predict and mitigate their effects. However, the underlying ocean conditions driving severe impacts on marine ecosystems are complex and often unknown as risks to marine ecosystems arise not only from hazards but also from the interactions between hazards, exposure and vulnerability. Marine ecosystems may not be impacted by extreme events in single drivers but rather by the compounding effects of moderate ocean anomalies. Here, we employ an ensemble climate-impact modeling approach that combines a global marine fish model with output from a large ensemble simulation of an Earth system model, to identify the key ocean ecosystem drivers associated with the most severe impacts on the total biomass of 326 pelagic fish species. We show that low net primary productivity is the most influential driver of extremely low fish biomass over 68% of the ocean area considered by the model, especially in the subtropics and the mid-latitudes, followed by high temperature and low oxygen in the eastern equatorial Pacific and the high latitudes. Severe biomass loss is generally driven by extreme anomalies in at least one ocean ecosystem driver, except in the tropics, where a combination of moderate ocean anomalies is sufficient to drive extreme impacts. Single moderate anomalies never drive extremely low fish biomass. Compound events with either moderate or extreme ocean conditions are a necessary condition for extremely low fish biomass over 78% of the global ocean, and compound events with at least one extreme variable are a necessary condition over 61% of the global ocean. Overall, our model results highlight the crucial role of extreme and compound events in driving severe impacts on pelagic marine ecosystems
Non-Indigenous Species on Artificial Coastal Environments: Experimental Comparison between Aquaculture Farms and Recreational Marinas
Globally, there is growing concern regarding the effects of the increasing anthropogenic
pressures in marine communities. Artificial structures such as marinas and aquaculture facilities serve as invasion hotspots; hence, monitoring fouling communities on these structures can be valuable for detecting new invasions. In the current study, 24 settlement PVC plates were deployed for three months to compare the recruitment ability of these two artificial environments along the south coast of the offshore island of Madeira (NE Atlantic). The results showed higher variations in the species richness between regions (SW vs. SE) than between artificial habitats (sea-cages vs. marinas), although the community composition differed. Cnidaria and Bryozoa were the most representative groups in the aquaculture systems, while Bryozoa and Chordata were in the marinas. A sum of 18 NIS was recorded for the study, accounting for between 21.88% and 54.84% of the total number of species in the aquaculture facilities and marinas, respectively. The higher NIS percentage from the marinas was even more explicit in the SE coast, where Cradoscrupocellaria bertholletii, Parasmittina alba, and Botrylloides niger distinctly dominated fouling populations. The results suggest that at least some particular NIS previously reported in the studied marinas successfully colonized sea-cages. Future assessments need to address the potential role of aquaculture facilities as drivers for the secondary spread of NIS. Additionally, two new records are considered for Madeira: Eudendrium capillare and Ericthonius punctatus.Versión del edito
Hotspots and drivers of compound marine heatwaves and low net primary production extremes
Extreme events can severely impact marine organisms and ecosystems. Of particular concern are multivariate compound events, namely when conditions are simultaneously extreme for multiple ocean ecosystem stressors. In 2013–2015 for example, an extensive marine heatwave (MHW), known as the Blob, co-occurred locally with extremely low net primary productivity (NPPX) and negatively impacted marine life in the northeast Pacific. Yet, little is known about the characteristics and drivers of such multivariate compound MHW–NPPX events. Using five different satellite-derived net primary productivity (NPP) estimates and large-ensemble-simulation output of two widely used and comprehensive Earth system models, the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) ESM2M-LE and Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2-LE), we assess the present-day distribution of compound MHW–NPPX events and investigate their potential drivers on the global scale. The satellite-based estimates and both models reveal hotspots of frequent compound events in the center of the equatorial Pacific and in the subtropical Indian Ocean, where their occurrence is at least 3 times higher (more than 10 d yr−1) than if MHWs (temperature above the seasonally varying 90th-percentile threshold) and NPPX events (NPP below the seasonally varying 10th-percentile threshold) were to occur independently. However, the models show disparities in the northern high latitudes, where compound events are rare in the satellite-based estimates and GFDL ESM2M-LE (less than 3 d yr−1) but relatively frequent in CESM2-LE. In the Southern Ocean south of 60∘ S, low agreement between the observation-based estimates makes it difficult to determine which of the two models better simulates MHW–NPPX events. The frequency patterns can be explained by the drivers of compound events, which vary among the two models and phytoplankton types. In the low latitudes, MHWs are associated with enhanced nutrient limitation on phytoplankton growth, which results in frequent compound MHW–NPPX events in both models. In the high latitudes, NPPX events in GFDL ESM2M-LE are driven by enhanced light limitation, which rarely co-occurs with MHWs, resulting in rare compound events. In contrast, in CESM2-LE, NPPX events in the high latitudes are driven by reduced nutrient supply that often co-occurs with MHWs, moderates phytoplankton growth, and causes biomass to decrease. Compound MHW–NPPX events are associated with a relative shift towards larger phytoplankton in most regions, except in the eastern equatorial Pacific in both models, as well as in the northern high latitudes and between 35 and 50∘ S in CESM2-LE, where the models suggest a shift towards smaller phytoplankton, with potential repercussions on marine ecosystems. Overall, our analysis reveals that the likelihood of compound MHW–NPPX events is contingent on model representation of the factors limiting phytoplankton production. This identifies an important need for improved process understanding in Earth system models used for predicting and projecting compound MHW–NPPX events and their impacts.</p
Hierarchical screening for multiple mental disorders
Background: There is a need for brief, accurate screening when assessing multiple mental disorders. Two-stage hierarchical screening, consisting of brief pre-screening followed by a battery of disorder-specific scales for those who meet diagnostic criteria, may increase the efficiency of screening without sacrificing precision. This study tested whether more efficient screening could be gained using two-stage hierarchical screening than by administering multiple separate tests.
Method: Two Australian adult samples (N=1990) with high rates of psychopathology were recruited using Facebook advertising to examine four methods of hierarchical screening for four mental disorders: major depressive disorder, generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder and social phobia.
Results: Using K6 scores to determine whether full screening was required did not increase screening efficiency. However, pre-screening based on two decision tree approaches or item gating led to considerable reductions in the mean number of items presented per disorder screened, with estimated item reductions of up to 54%. The sensitivity of these hierarchical methods approached 100% relative to the full screening battery.
Limitations: Further testing of the hierarchical screening approach based on clinical criteria and in other samples is warranted.
Conclusions: The results demonstrate that a two-phase hierarchical approach to screening multiple mental disorders leads to considerable increases efficiency gains without reducing accuracy. Screening programs should take advantage of prescreeners based on gating items or decision trees to reduce the burden on respondents. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
Megahertz emission of massive early-type stars in the Cygnus region
Massive, early type stars have been detected as radio sources for many
decades. Their thermal winds radiate free-free continuum and in binary systems
hosting a colliding-wind region, non-thermal emission has also been detected.
To date, the most abundant data have been collected from frequencies higher
than 1 GHz. We present here the results obtained from observations at 325 and
610 MHz, carried out with the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope, of all known
Wolf-Rayet and O-type stars encompassed in area of ~15 sq degrees centred on
the Cygnus region. We report on the detection of 11 massive stars, including
both Wolf-Rayet and O-type systems. The measured flux densities at decimeter
wavelengths allowed us to study the radio spectrum of the binary systems and to
propose a consistent interpretation in terms of physical processes affecting
the wide-band radio emission from these objects. WR 140 was detected at 610
MHz, but not at 325 MHz, very likely because of the strong impact of free-free
absorption. We also report - for the first time - on the detection of a
colliding-wind binary system down to 150 MHz, pertaining to the system of WR
146, making use of complementary information extracted from the TIFR GMRT Sky
Survey. Its spectral energy distribution clearly shows the turnover at a
frequency of about 600 MHz, that we interpret to be due to free-free
absorption. Finally, we report on the identification of two additional
particle-accelerating colliding-wind binaries, namely Cyg OB2 12 and ALS 15108
AB.Comment: 20 pages, 20 figures, 6 tables, accepted in PAS
Optical/NIR stellar absorption and emission-line indices from luminous infrared galaxies
We analyze a set of optical-to-near-infrared long-slit nuclear spectra of 16
infrared-luminous spiral galaxies. All of the studied sources present H
emission, which reflects the star-forming nature of our sample, and they
clearly display H I emission lines in the optical. Their continua contain many
strong stellar absorption lines, with the most common features due to Ca I, Ca
II, Fe I, Na I, Mg I, in addition to prominent absorption bands of TiO, VO,
ZrO, CN and CO. We report a homogeneous set of equivalent width (EW)
measurements for 45 indices, from optical to NIR species for the 16
star-forming galaxies as well as for 19 early type galaxies where we collected
the data from the literature. This selected set of emission and
absorption-feature measurements can be used to test predictions of the
forthcoming generations of stellar population models. We find correlations
among the different absorption features and propose here correlations between
optical and NIR indices, as well as among different NIR indices, and compare
them with model predictions. While for the optical absorption features the
models consistently agree with the observations,the NIR indices are much harder
to interpret. For early-type spirals the measurements agree roughly with the
models, while for star-forming objects they fail to predict the strengths of
these indices.Comment: accepted for publication in MNRA
Beaked whales echolocate on prey
Author Posting. © Royal Society, 2004. This article is posted here by permission of Royal Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Biology Letters 271: Supplement 6 (2004): S383-S386, doi:10.1098/rsbl.2004.0208.Beaked whales (Cetacea: Ziphiidea) of the genera Ziphius and Mesoplodon are so difficult to study that they are mostly known from strandings. How these elusive toothed whales use and react to sound is of concern because they mass strand during naval sonar exercises. A new non-invasive acoustic recording tag was attached to four beaked whales (two Mesoplodon densirostris and two Ziphius cavirostris) and recorded high-frequency clicks during deep dives. The tagged whales only clicked at depths below 200 m, down to a maximum depth of 1267 m. Both species produced a large number of short, directional, ultrasonic clicks with no significant energy below 20 kHz. The tags recorded echoes from prey items; to our knowledge, a first for any animal echolocating in the wild. As far as we are aware, these echoes provide the first direct evidence on how free-ranging toothed whales use echolocation in foraging. The strength of these echoes suggests that the source level of Mesoplodon clicks is in the range of 200-220 dB re 1 μPa at 1 m. This paper presents conclusive data on the normal vocalizations of these beaked whale species, which may enable acoustic monitoring to mitigate exposure to sounds intense enough to harm them.Tag development was funded by a Cecil
H. and Ida M. Green Award and the US Office of Naval Research.
Fieldwork was funded by the Strategic Environmental Research and
Development Program (SERDP) under program CS-1188, the Packard
Foundation, and the Council of Environment of the Canary
Islands, and was supported by University of La Laguna, BluWest,
SACLANT Undersea Research Centre, and the Government of El
Hierro
- …