Proton acceleration in analytic reconnecting current sheets

Particle acceleration provides an important signature for the magnetic collapse that accompanies a solar flare. Most particle acceleration studies, however, invoke magnetic and electric field models that are analytically convenient rather than solutions of the governing magnetohydrodynamic equations. In this paper a self-consistent magnetic reconnection solution is employed to investigate proton orbits, energy gains, and acceleration timescales for proton acceleration in solar flares. The magnetic field configuration is derived from the analytic reconnection solution of Craig and Henton. For the physically realistic case in which magnetic pressure of the current sheet is limited at small resistivities, the model contains a single free parameter that specifies the shear of the velocity field. It is shown that in the absence of losses, the field produces particle acceleration spectra characteristic of magnetic X-points. Specifically, the energy distribution approximates a power law ~ξ-3/2 nonrelativistically, but steepens slightly at the higher energies. Using realistic values of the “effective” resistivity, we obtain energies and acceleration times that fall within the range of observational data for proton acceleration in the solar corona

On Free-Electron Laser Growing Modes and their Bandwidth

Free-electron lasers play an increasing role in science, from generating unique femtosecond X- ray pulses for single short recording of the protein structures to amplifying feeble interactions in advanced cooling systems for high-energy hadron colliders. While modern Free-electron laser codes can describe their amplification mechanism, a deep analytical understanding of the mechanism is of extreme importance for a number of applications. Mode competition, their growth rates and amplification bandwidth are among the most important parameters of a free-electron laser. A dispersion relation, which defines these important characteristics, can be solved analytically only for a very few simple cases. In this letter we show that for a typical bell-shape energy distribution in electron beam there is no more that one growing mode. We also derive an analytical expression which determines the bandwidth of the free-electron laser.Comment: 4 pages, submitted to PR

Enhanced fusarium head blight resistance in bread wheat and durum by alien introgressions

Fusarium head blight resistance has previously been detected in two accessions of Ae. cylindrica (2n=4x=28, CCDD genome). The resistance was introgressed initially into a semi-dwarf winter wheat, then subsequently into a number of Canadian hard red spring wheat cultivars plus one cultivar from USA. DON contents, determined on field plot-harvested samples are reported for selected lines from three populations.  Of the total of 83 lines tested from the three populations, 18 lines showed DON contents of less than 1ppm. Another 48 lines had 1-5ppm DON in their seed, compared to check cultivars Sumai3 at 1.2ppm and Roblin at 11.0 ppm. It is anticipated that unique FHB resistance QTL will be identified in these populationsУстойчивость к фузариозу колоса/гибберелёзу предварительно выявлена у 2-х образцов Ae.cylindrica (2n = 4 x = 28, ССДД геном). Первоначально эта устойчивость была интрогрессирована в полукарликовую озимую пшеницу, затем впоследствии в ряд канадских сортов твердой краснозерной яровой пшеницы и в один сорт из США. Данные по уровням содержания DON, определявшихся по образцам, собранным с полевой делянки, представлены для селекционных линий от 3-х популяций. Из всех 83 линий, которые испытывались, 18 линий демонстрировали DON-содержание менее 1 части на миллион. Другие 48 линий имели в своих семенах показатель DON 1-5 частей на млн. в сравнении с контрольными сортами Сумаи 3 при показателе 1.2 частей на млн. и Роблин – 11,0 частей на млн. Ожидают, что уникальную стойкость к болезням в локусах количественных признаков идентифицируют в этих популяцияхВиявлено стійкість до фузаріозу колоса/гіберельозу спочатку у 2-х зразків Ae.cylindrica (2n = 4 x = 28, ССДД геном). Вперше ця стійкість була інтегрована у напівкарликову озиму пшеницю, потім у ряд канадських сортів твердої червонозерної ярої пшениці та у один сорт із США. Дані по рівню утримання DON, що визначались по зразках, зібраних з польових ділянок, представлені для селекційних ліній від 3-х популяцій.Із усіх 83 ліній, які випробувались, 18 ліній продемонстрували DON-вміст менше 1 частини на мільйон. Інші 48 ліній мали у своєму насіння DON-показник 1-5 частин на мільйон в порівнянні з контрольними сортами Сумаі 3 при показнику 1.2 частини на мільйон і Роблін – 11,0 частин на мільйон. Чекають, що унікальну стійкість до хвороб у локусах кількісних ознак буде визначено у цих популяція

Comparison of the telegraph and hyperdiffusion approximations in cosmic-ray transport

The telegraph equation and its generalizations have been repeatedly considered in the models of diffusive cosmic-ray transport. Yet the telegraph model has well-known limitations, and analytical arguments suggest that a hyperdiffusion model should serve as a more accurate alternative to the telegraph model, especially on the timescale of a few scattering times. We present a detailed side-by-side comparison of an evolving particle density profile, predicted by the telegraph and hyperdiffusion models in the context of a simple but physically meaningful initial-value problem, compare the predictions with the solution based on the Fokker–Planck equation, and discuss the applicability of the telegraph and hyperdiffusion approximations to the description of strongly anisotropic particle distributions

Acesso das pequenas empresas russas aos mercados de contratos públicos: análise de dados

The aim of this study was to assess the current extent of participation by Russian small enterprises in regional public procurement. We discussed how legislation affects the volume of contracts awarded to small enterprises. We calculated the number of contracts per 100 small enterprises, how much the number and value of such contracts account for in the total number and value of contracts concluded with all suppliers per region, as well as what is the average value of contracts per small enterprise and the average value of one such contract. In order to ensure benchmarking for enterprises located in different regions, such enterprises were assessed on the basis of relative indicators. This study used official statistics accumulated with regard to all public procurement in the regions. The data on the number of contracts and their value for the period from 2010 to 2014 were used. For the purposes of empirical data analysis, the normal distribution probability density functions set for all the indicators in question were used. The findings of this study and the tools used for assessing the extent of participation by small enterprises in public procurement can be used when researching entrepreneurship, as well as to justify the contract system development programs in Russia. Such information is important for entrepreneurs, as it enables them to assess the feasibility and consequences of participation in public procurement.El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el grado actual de participación de las pequeñas empresas rusas en la contratación pública regional. Discutimos cómo la legislación afecta el volumen de contratos adjudicados a pequeñas empresas. Calculamos el número de contratos por cada 100 pequeñas empresas, cuánto representan el número y el valor de dichos contratos en el número y el valor total de los contratos celebrados con todos los proveedores por región, así como también cuál es el valor promedio de los contratos por cada pequeña empresa y el valor promedio de uno de esos contratos. Con el fin de garantizar la evaluación comparativa para las empresas ubicadas en diferentes regiones, dichas empresas se evaluaron sobre la base de indicadores relativos. Este estudio utilizó estadísticas oficiales acumuladas con respecto a todas las contrataciones públicas en las regiones. Se utilizaron los datos sobre el número de contratos y su valor para el período de 2010 a 2014. A los efectos del análisis de datos empíricos, se utilizaron las funciones de densidad de probabilidad de distribución normal establecidas para todos los indicadores en cuestión. Las conclusiones de este estudio y las herramientas utilizadas para evaluar el grado de participación de las pequeñas empresas en la contratación pública se pueden utilizar al investigar el espíritu empresarial, así como para justificar los programas de desarrollo de sistemas contractuales en Rusia. Dicha información es importante para los empresarios, ya que les permite evaluar la viabilidad y las consecuencias de la participación en la contratación pública.O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o atual grau de participação das pequenas empresas russas nas compras públicas regionais. Discutimos como a legislação afeta o volume de contratos concedidos a pequenas empresas. Nós calculamos o número de contratos por 100 pequenas empresas, que representam o número eo valor desses contratos no número total eo valor total dos contratos com todos os fornecedores por região, bem como o que o valor médio de contratos para cada empresa de pequeno porte e o valor médio de um desses contratos. Para garantir benchmarking para empresas localizadas em diferentes regiões, essas empresas foram avaliadas com base em indicadores relativos. Este estudo utilizou estatísticas oficiais acumuladas em relação a todas as compras públicas nas regiões. Foram utilizados os dados sobre o número de contratos e seu valor para o período de 2010 a 2014. Para fins de análise empírica dos dados, foram utilizadas as funções de densidade de probabilidade de distribuição normal estabelecidas para todos os indicadores em questão. As conclusões deste estudo e os instrumentos utilizados para avaliar o grau de participação das pequenas empresas nos contratos públicos podem ser utilizados na investigação do empreendedorismo, bem como para justificar os programas de desenvolvimento de sistemas contratuais na Rússia. Esta informação é importante para os empresários, pois permite avaliar a viabilidade e as consequências da participação em contratos públicos

Avaliação dos aspectos financeiros das pequenas e médias empresas: experiência russa

The aim of this study was to assess the key financials of an array of micro-sized businesses, small and medium-sized enterprises as grouped by industry. This article deals with the assessment results of such financials as the net financial result of enterprises, the proportion of profitable and loss-making enterprises, the profitability of manufactured and sold products, the current levels of profit and loss, respectively, per profitable and loss-making enterprise. The dynamics of such financials during the period from 2010 to 2014 was presented. Accounting and statistical reporting was used as the input data. In the course of this research it was proven that during that period the profitable enterprises accounted for about 80%. However, the level of profitability did not depend on the size of an enterprise. The largest proportion of profitable enterprises was noted in such sectors as education and commerce. The net financial result per employee in micro-enterprises was significantly higher than those for medium-sized enterprises and small enterprises. The results of this study may be used to validate business development plans and programs for various regions and sectors of the Russian economy. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las finanzas clave de una serie de pequeñas empresas, pequeñas y medianas empresas agrupadas por industria. Este artículo trata de los resultados de la evaluación de tales finanzas como el resultado financiero neto de las empresas, la proporción de empresas rentables y que generan pérdidas, la rentabilidad de los productos fabricados y vendidos, los niveles actuales de ganancias y pérdidas, respectivamente, por rentabilidad y pérdida empresa de creación. La dinámica de tales finanzas durante el período 2010-2014 se presentó. Los informes contables y estadísticos se usaron como datos de entrada. En el curso de esta investigación, se comprobó que durante ese período las empresas rentables representaron aproximadamente el 80%. Sin embargo, el nivel de rentabilidad no depende del tamaño de una empresa. La mayor proporción de empresas rentables se observó en sectores como la educación y el comercio. El resultado financiero neto por empleado en las microempresas fue significativamente mayor que el de las medianas y pequeñas empresas. Los resultados de este estudio pueden usarse para validar planes y programas de desarrollo comercial para diversas regiones y sectores de la economía rusa. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as principais finanças de uma série de microempresas, pequenas e médias empresas agrupadas por setor. Este artigo trata dos resultados da avaliação de tais finanças como o resultado financeiro líquido das empresas, a proporção de empresas lucrativas e deficitárias, a rentabilidade dos produtos fabricados e vendidos, os níveis atuais de lucros e perdas, respectivamente, por lucro e perda empresa de fabricação. A dinâmica de tais finanças durante o período de 2010 a 2014 foi apresentada. Relatórios contábeis e estatísticos foram usados como dados de entrada. No decorrer desta pesquisa, ficou provado que, durante esse período, as empresas lucrativas representavam cerca de 80%. No entanto, o nível de lucratividade não dependia do tamanho de uma empresa. A maior proporção de empresas lucrativas foi observada em setores como educação e comércio. O resultado financeiro líquido por empregado nas microempresas foi significativamente superior ao das médias empresas e pequenas empresas. Os resultados deste estudo podem ser usados para validar planos e programas de desenvolvimento de negócios para várias regiões e setores da economia russa

Measurement of the tensor Ayy and vector Ay analyzing powers of the deuteron inelastic scattering off berillium at 5.0 GeV/c and 178 mr

Tensor Ayy and vector Ay analyzing powers in the inelastic scattering of deuterons with the momentum of 5.0 GeV/c on beryllium at an angle of 178 mr in the vicinity of the excitation of baryonic resonances with masses up to 1.8 GeV/c^2 have been measured. The Ayy data are in a good agreement with the previous data obtained at 4.5 and 5.5 GeV/c. The results of the experiment are compared with the predictions of the plane wave impulse approximation and \omega-meson exchange models.Comment: 18 pages, 9 figure

SOHO CTOF Observations of Interstellar He+ Pickup Ion Enhancements in Solar Wind Compression Regions

We present a recent analysis with 1996 SOHO CELIAS CTOF data, which reveals correlations of He+ pickup ion fluxes and spectra with the magnetic field strength and solar wind density. The motivation is to better understand the ubiquitous large variations in both pickup ion fluxes and their velocity distributions found in interstellar pickup ion datasets. We concentrate on time periods of that can be associated with compression regions in the solar wind. Along with enhancements of the overall pickup ion fluxes, adiabatic heating and acceleration of the pickup ions are also observed in these regions. Transport processes that lead to the observed compressions and related heating or acceleration are discussed. A shift in velocity space associated with traveling interplanetary compression regions is observed, and a simple model presented to explain this phenomenon based on the conserved magnetic adiabatic moment.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figures, Solar Wind 10 Conference Proceedings Pape

Ferrite-damped higher-order mode study in the Brookhaven energy-recovery linac cavity

A superconducting energy-recovery linac (ERL) is under construction at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) to serve as a test bed for an application to upgrades of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The damping of higher-order modes in the superconducting five-cell cavity is of paramount importance and represents the topic of this paper. Achieving the damping by the exclusive use of two ferrite absorbers and the adoption of a space-saving step instead of the conventional taper are part of the exploratory study. Absorber properties which are portable to simulation programs for the ERL cavity have been obtained by measuring the absorber as a ferrite-loaded pill-box cavity. Measured and simulated results for the lowest dipole modes in the prototype copper cavity with one absorber are discussed. First room-temperature measurements of the fully assembled niobium cavity string are presented which confirm the effective damping of higher-order modes by the ferrite absorbers, and which give credibility to the simulated R over Q's in the ERL.open1