CB1 Receptors Regulate Alcohol-Seeking Behavior and Alcohol Self-administration of Female Alcohol-Preferring (P) Rats

Rationale The endogenous cannabinoid (CB) system mediates a number of behaviors associated with drug-seeking and drug self-administration. In this study the effects of CB1 receptor manipulations on operant ethanol (EtOH) responding during EtOH-seeking, EtOH- relapse as well as on-going EtOH self-administration were determined. Methods Alcohol-preferring (P) rats were trained in 2-lever operant chambers to self-administer 15% EtOH (v/v) and water on a concurrent fixed-ratio 5 – fixed-ratio 1 (FR5-FR1) schedule of reinforcement in daily 1-hr sessions. After 10 weeks, rats underwent 7 extinction sessions, followed by 2 weeks in their home cages without access to EtOH or operant chambers. Rats were then returned to the operant chambers for testing of EtOH-seeking behavior (no EtOH present) for 4 sessions. After a week in their home cages following the EtOH-seeking test, rats were returned to the operant chambers with access to EtOH and water (relapse). Rats were then maintained in the operant chambers for daily 1-hr sessions with access to 15% EtOH and water for several weeks. Results The CB1 receptor antagonist (SR141716A), at doses of 1 and 2 mg/kg, i.p. reduced EtOH-seeking and transiently reduced EtOH self-administration during relapse and maintenance. Conversely, treatment with the CB1 receptor agonist CP, 55-940, at doses of 1 and 10 μg/kg i.p., increased EtOH-seeking and EtOH self-administration during relapse. Conclusions The results of this study demonstrate that activation of CB1 receptors are involved in regulating EtOH-seeking as well as the reinforcing effects of EtOH under relapse and on-going self-administration conditions

Mechanism of Allyl Alcohol Epoxidation with Hydrogen Peroxide at Titanium Catalyst (Ts-1)

Allyl alcohol epoxidation mechanism at the titanosilicate was studied. The best results were obtained for the hypothesis involving the hydrogen peroxide and allyl alcohol adsorption at the active catalyst centres with subsequent interaction of the surface intermediates with each other, with the formation of glycidol adsorbed on the active centre, free catalyst centre and molecule of water.This work was supported by RFBR grant №16-33-00555

Nicotine Modulates Alcohol-Seeking and Relapse by Alcohol-Preferring (P) Rats in a Time Dependent Manner

Background— Alcohol is frequently co-abused with smoking. In humans, nicotine use can increase alcohol craving and consumption. The objectives of the current study were to assess the acute effects of nicotine on alcohol seeking and relapse at two different time points. Method— Adult female alcohol-preferring (P) rats were trained in 2-lever operant chambers to self-administer 15% EtOH (v/v) and water on a concurrent fixed-ratio 5 – fixed-ratio 1 (FR5-FR1) schedule of reinforcement in daily 1-hr sessions. Following 10 weeks of daily 1-hr sessions, rats underwent 7 extinction sessions, followed by 2 weeks in their home cages. Rats were then returned to the operant chambers without EtOH or water being present for 4 sessions (Pavlovian Spontaneous Recovery [PSR]). Rats were then given a week in their home cage before being returned to the operant chambers with access to EtOH and water (relapse). Nicotine (0, 0.1, 0.3, or 1.0 mg/kg) was injected s.c. immediately or 4-hr prior to PSR or relapse testing. Results— Injections of nicotine immediately prior to testing reduced (5–10 responses PSR; 50– 60 responses relapse), whereas injections of nicotine 4-hr prior to testing increased (up to 150 responses for PSR; up to 400 responses for relapse with 1.0 mg/kg dose) responses on the EtOH lever during PSR and relapse tests. Discussion— The results of this study demonstrate that acute effects of nicotine on EtOH- seeking and relapse behaviors may be time-dependent, with the immediate effects being a result of nicotine possibly acting as a substitute for EtOH whereas, with a delay of 4-hr, priming effects of nicotine alterations in nicotinic receptors, and/or the effects of nicotine’s metabolites (i.e., cotinine, nornicotine) may enhance the expression of EtOH-seeking and relapse behaviors

Разработка пемзомедного катали-затора для окисления метанола в формальдегид.

Oxidation of methanol is the main method for the production of formaldehyde in industry. In order to expand the source of raw materials for the preparation of new catalyst for this process copper compounds as initial substances for obtaining the former are suggested. A number of catalysts obtained from various copper salts were tested; some of them are quite promising for further investigation.Каталитическое окисление метанола является основным способом получения формальдегида в промышленности. С целью расширения сырьевой базы для приготовления катализатора мягкого окисления метанола предлагается использовать в качестве исходных соединений соли меди. Испытаны три катализатора, приготовленные на основе различных солей меди, которые являются перспективными для дальнейшего изучения

Central Nicotinic and Muscarinic Receptors in Health and Disease

Without acetylcholine (ACh) no skeletal muscle contraction, no preganglionic sympathetic or parasympathetic activity can be obtained. This can result in dysregulation of cardiac, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and renal functions as well as disruption of fluid secretion from various glands such as tears, saliva, digestive juices, sweat, and milk. Importantly, ACh deficiency in the brain can have severe cognitive consequences. The action of ACh is mediated by two distinct classes of receptors, namely the muscarinic (mAChRs), which are G-protein coupled (metabotropic) receptors and nicotinic receptors (nAChRs), which are ligand-gated ion channels (ionotropic receptors). The focus of this chapter is on interaction of these two distinct receptor classes and its implication in health and disease. Thus, following a brief description of ACh actions and its central circuitry, an update on mAChRs and nAChRs and how their interaction may impact neuropsychiatric/neurodegenerative diseases will be provided. Moreover, potential novel therapeutic intervention based on these interactions, particularly in relationship to Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases will be touched upon

Selective breeding for high alcohol consumption and response to nicotine: locomotor activity, dopaminergic in the mesolimbic system, and innate genetic differences in male and female alcohol-preferring, non-preferring, and replicate lines of high-alcohol drinking and low-alcohol drinking rats

Rationale There is evidence for a common genetic link between alcohol and nicotine dependence. Rodents selectively bred for high alcohol consumption/responsivity are also more likely to self-administer nicotine than controls. Objectives The experiments examined the response to systemic nicotine, the effects of nicotine within the drug reward pathway, and innate expression of nicotine-related genes in a brain region regulating drug reward/self-administration in multiple lines of rats selectively bred for high and low alcohol consumption. Methods The experiments examined the effects of systemic administration of nicotine on locomotor activity, the effects of nicotine administered directly into the (posterior ventral tegmental area; pVTA) on dopamine (DA) release in the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh), and innate mRNA levels of acetylcholine receptor genes in the pVTA were determined in 6 selectively bred high/low alcohol consuming and Wistar rat lines. Results The high alcohol-consuming rat lines had greater nicotine-induced locomotor activity compared to low alcohol-consuming rat lines. Microinjections of nicotine into the pVTA resulted in DA release in the AcbSh with the dose response curves for high alcohol-consuming rats shifted leftward and upward. Genetic analysis of the pVTA indicated P rats expressed higher levels of α2 and β4. Conclusion Selective breeding for high alcohol preference resulted in a genetically divergent behavioral and neurobiological sensitivity to nicotine. The observed behavioral and neurochemical differences between the rat lines would predict an increased likelihood of nicotine reinforcement. The data support the hypothesis of a common genetic basis for drug addiction and identifies potential receptor targets

Новая колебательная реакция - окислительное карбонилирование фенилацетилена в ангидрид фенилмалеиновой кислоты.

In area of the catalytic reactions with metal complexes new oscillatory process - reaction of phenylacetylene oxidative carbonylation to anhydride of phenylmaleic acid in the system LiBr-PdBr2-CO-O2-(CH3)2CO is found. Independence of a oscillations mode of a gases mixture composition is shown at the percentage of CO no more than 50 %. The preliminary mechanism of process was proposed.области реакций метало-комплексного катализа обнаружен новый колебательный процесс - реакция окислительного карбонилирования фенилацетилена до ангидрида фенилмалеиновой кислоты в системе LiBr-PdBr2-CO-O2-(CH3)2CO; экспериментально показана независимость режима колебаний от состава газовой смеси при содержании СО в ней не более 50%; предложен предварительный механизм процесса

ЭПОКСИДИРОВАНИE АЛЛИЛОВОГО СПИРТА В ГЛИЦИДОЛ ПЕРОКСИДОМ ВОДОРОДА НА ТИТАНСОДЕРЖАЩЕМ СИЛИКАЛИТЕ

It was studied the epoxidation mechanism of allyl alcohol using titanosilicate zeolite (TS-1) at 40°C by means of procedures for the nomination and discrimination of mechanism hypotheses. The hypotheses was carried out using the literature data and the preliminary experiment results. Discrimination hypothetical mechanisms implemented on the basis of the univariate results of the kinetic experiment, varying concentrations of allyl alcohol, hydrogen peroxide and glycidol. The most probable mechanism involves the hydrogen peroxide and allyl alcohol adsorption at the catalyst active centers and the glycidol formation at a reversible stage in the interaction of the adsorbed molecules of the reactants. Considered hypotheses include a different sequence of interaction of the reactants with active catalyst centre. In addition, hypotheses take into account the formation of intermediate compounds as well as inactive products of the interaction of substances present in the reaction system, with the active centers on the silicalite surface. For each hypothesis, it was formulated the corresponding system of differential equations and carried out the estimation of the rate constants. The quality of the experimental data description was judged by the residual sums of squared deviations and correlation coefficients. The best results are obtained for the hypothesis involving the hydrogen peroxide and allyl alcohol adsorption at the two active catalyst centers with subsequent interaction of the resultant intermediates between them, with the formation of glycidol adsorbed on one center, free catalyst centre and molecule of water. Formation of free glycidol occurs at a reversible stage. A significant part of the active centers of the catalyst increasing the concentration of glycidol is associated with it. This is the main reason for the decrease of the reaction rate, apart from reducing the concentration of the reactants.Механизм эпоксидирования аллилового спирта на титансодержащем силикалите (TS-1) при 40° C изучен с применением процедур выдвижения и дискриминации гипотез. Выдвижение гипотез проведено с использованием литературных данных и результатов предварительного эксперимента. Дискриминация гипотетических механизмов реализована на основе результатов кинетического однофакторного эксперимента. Рассмотренные гипотезы включают различные последовательности взаимодействия реагентов с активным центром катализатора. Кроме того, гипотезы учитывают образование промежуточных соединений различного состава, а также неактивных продуктов взаимодействия веществ, присутствующих в реакционной системе, с активными центрами на поверхности силикалита. Для каждой гипотезы сформулированы соответствующие ей системы дифференциальных уравнений и проведена оценка констант скоростей. О качестве описания экспериментальных данных можно судить по величинам остаточных сумм среднеквадратичных отклонений и коэффициентов корреляции. Лучшие результаты получены для гипотезы, включающей адсорбцию пероксида водорода и аллилового спирта на двух активных центрах катализатора с последующим взаимодействием образовавшихся при этом интермедиатов между собой с образованием адсорбированного на одном центре глицидола, свободного центра и молекулы воды. Образование свободного глицидола происходит по обратимой стадии. Поскольку существенная часть активных центров катализатора по мере увеличения концентрации глицидола оказывается связанной с ним, скорость реакции уменьшается. И это основная причина, помимо уменьшения концентрации реагентов

Сравнение сорбционной способности активированных углей, цеолитов и промышленных образцов оксида алюминия по отношению к оксиду азота(II) в воздухе

This investigation studied the sorption of NO by activated carbons, zeolites and aluminum oxide at ambient temperature. It was found that γ-Al2O3 has the highest sorption capacity (45-50%). Among the studied activated carbons only AG-3 sample proved to be competitive with samples of γ-Al2O3. The NO sorption degree of the studied zeolites was less than 7%.В динамическом режиме изучена сорбция оксида азота (II) из воздуха активированными углями, цеолитами и образцами оксида алюминия. Установлено, что максимальную скорость сорбции NO (степень поглощения 45-50%) обеспечивают различные образцы γ-оксида алюминия. Из исследованных активированных углей только образец марки АГ-3 оказался конкурентоспособным с образцами γ-Al2O3. Изученные цеолиты обеспечивают степень поглощения NO не более 7%