Learning for a Change: Exploring the Relationship Between Education and Sustainable Development

Whether we view sustainable development as our greatest challenge or a subversive litany, every phase of education is now being urged to declare its support for education for sustainable development (ESD). In this paper, we explore the ideas behind ESD and, building on work by Foster and by Scott and Gough, we argue that it is necessary now to think of two complementary approaches: ESD 1 and ESD 2. We see ESD 1 as the promotion of informed, skilled behaviours and ways of thinking, useful in the short-term where the need is clearly identified and agreed, and ESD 2 as building capacity to think critically about what experts say and to test ideas, exploring the dilemmas and contradictions inherent in sustainable living. We note the prevalence of ESD 1 approaches, especially from policy makers; this is a concern because people rarely change their behaviour in response to a rational call to do so, and more importantly, too much successful ESD 1 in isolation would reduce our capacity to manage change ourselves and therefore make us less sustainable. We argue that ESD 2 is a necessary complement to ESD 1, making it meaningful in a learning sense. In this way we avoid an either-or debate in favour of a yes-and approach that constantly challenges us to understand what we are communicating, how we are going about it and, crucially, why we are doing it in the first place

UCET Discussion paper on effective Continuing Professional Development

This report is based on the wealth of experience and scholarship shared by UCET colleagues. It reflects on key aspects of CPD-related policy, practice and research over the past 50 years and highlights the following principles: - Education professionals require an expanding range of competences over their career; these are often context-specific, unforeseen and go beyond any single framework - As well as being research-informed, CPD should engage educators in theory so they can adapt their learning creatively to enrich their own setting - Reflective practitioners are best cultivated by supporting teachers’ in conducting their own research - Effective CPD is built on trusted relationships between deliverers and learners and include a strong element of coaching and/or mentoring often by peers - For sustained impact, CPD needs to be sustained over time (at least across two terms), making use of multiple formats - By engaging teachers in their wider social, economic and environmental contexts, CPD will ensure responsible professionals in the fullest sense - Developing teachers’ agency will enable them to consider their practice critically, lead their own learning and thus maximise the positive impact they have on their learners - All CPD should be subject to robust quality assurance mechanisms

Sea-ice dynamics in an Arctic coastal polynya during the past 6500 years

The production of high-salinity brines during sea-ice freezing in circum-arctic coastal polynyas is thought to be part of northern deep water formation as it supplies additional dense waters to the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation system. To better predict the effect of possible future summer ice-free conditions in the Arctic Ocean on global climate, it is important to improve our understanding of how climate change has affected sea-ice and brine formation, and thus finally dense water formation during the past. Here, we show temporal coherence between sea-ice conditions in a key Arctic polynya (Storfjorden, Svalbard) and patterns of deep water convection in the neighbouring Nordic Seas over the last 6500 years. A period of frequent sea-ice melting and freezing between 6.5 and 2.8 ka BP coincided with enhanced deep water renewal in the Nordic Seas. Near-permanent sea-ice cover and low brine rejection after 2.8 ka BP likely reduced the overflow of high-salinity shelf waters, concomitant with a gradual slow down of deep water convection in the Nordic Seas, which occurred along with a regional expansion in sea-ice and surface water freshening. The Storfjorden polynya sea-ice factory restarted at ~0.5 ka BP, coincident with renewed deep water penetration to the Arctic and climate amelioration over Svalbard. The identified synergy between Arctic polynya sea-ice conditions and deep water convection during the present interglacial is an indication of the potential consequences for ocean ventilation during states with permanent sea-ice cover or future Arctic ice-free conditions

Tracking the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation through the last 8,000 years

Understanding the internal ocean variability and its influence on climate is imperative for society. A key aspect concerns the enigmatic Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), a feature defined by a 60- to 90-year variability in North Atlantic sea-surface temperatures. The nature and origin of the AMO is uncertain, and it remains unknown whether it represents a persistent periodic driver in the climate system, or merely a transient feature. Here, we show that distinct, ∼55- to 70-year oscillations characterized the North Atlantic ocean-atmosphere variability over the past 8,000 years. We test and reject the hypothesis that this climate oscillation was directly forced by periodic changes in solar activity. We therefore conjecture that a quasi-persistent ∼55- to 70-year AMO, linked to internal ocean-atmosphere variability, existed during large parts of the Holocene. Our analyses further suggest that the coupling from the AMO to regional climate conditions was modulated by orbitally induced shifts in large-scale ocean-atmosphere circulation

GLI1 Confers Profound Phenotypic Changes upon LNCaP Prostate Cancer Cells That Include the Acquisition of a Hormone Independent State

The GLI (GLI1/GLI2) transcription factors have been implicated in the development and progression of prostate cancer although our understanding of how they actually contribute to the biology of these common tumours is limited. We observed that GLI reporter activity was higher in normal (PNT-2) and tumourigenic (DU145 and PC-3) androgen-independent cells compared to androgen-dependent LNCaP prostate cancer cells and, accordingly, GLI mRNA levels were also elevated. Ectopic expression of GLI1 or the constitutively active ΔNGLI2 mutant induced a distinct cobblestone-like morphology in LNCaP cells that, regarding the former, correlated with increased GLI2 as well as expression of the basal/stem-like markers CD44, β1-integrin, ΔNp63 and BMI1, and decreased expression of the luminal marker AR (androgen receptor). LNCaP-GLI1 cells were viable in the presence of the AR inhibitor bicalutamide and gene expression profiling revealed that the transcriptome of LNCaP-GLI1 cells was significantly closer to DU145 and PC-3 cells than to control LNCaP-pBP (empty vector) cells, as well as identifying LCN2/NGAL as a highly induced transcript which is associated with hormone independence in breast and prostate cancer. Functionally, LNCaP-GLI1 cells displayed greater clonal growth and were more invasive than control cells but they did not form colonies in soft agar or prostaspheres in suspension suggesting that they do not possess inherent stem cell properties. Moreover, targeted suppression of GLI1 or GLI2 with siRNA did not reverse the transformed phenotype of LNCaP-GLI1 cells nor did double GLI1/GLI2 knockdowns activate AR expression in DU145 or PC-3 cells. As such, early targeting of the GLI oncoproteins may hinder progression to a hormone independent state but a more detailed understanding of the mechanisms that maintain this phenotype is required to determine if their inhibition will enhance the efficacy of anti-hormonal therapy through the induction of a luminal phenotype and increased dependency upon AR function

Environment: Contributions of Design and Education to the Sustainment of Planet Earth

Any book that aims to deal with issues of sustainable futures will necessarily have a significant focus on environmental sustainability. Historically, concerns over sustainable futures were predominantly focused on the environment, with references going back as far as, for example, the 7th century when legislation was introduced to protect birds in the Farne Islands off the north east coast of England. More recently there has been recognition that sustainable futures depend on complex sets of relationships

An investigation of metal contaminants in sediments of Arctic Svalbard : inferences for sources and transport pathways

The Arctic region is a seemingly pristine, remote environment yet in the past few decades there has been increasing evidence that it is greatly impacted by anthropogenic metal contamination. There are three main metal contaminants of major concern, lead (Pb) mercury (Hg) and cadmium (Cd). The aim of this research was to further investigate heavy metal contamination, specifically within the sediments of the Svalbard region, and the Barents Sea area, within the Arctic. Ten sediment cores were taken for analysis, each core was analysed to ascertain metal concentrations and to reconstruct the temporal contaminant history of the area. The cores were taken from three different environments; lacustrine, fjordic and marine. A comparison between these core sites allowed identification of the major transport pathways within this region and the relative importance of atmospheric and oceanic transport. Two cores from a freshwater lake, Lake Ossian (ICOS1) and an noxic lagoon, Bradallaguna (ICNL1) provide unequivocal evidence for the atmospheric transport of Pb. The most compelling story emerges from marine cores. The marine cores provide vital evidence that contaminant Pb is transported by oceanic currents to the Arctic environment. This study supports the hypothesis that the Atlantic water current is a prominent pathway for the transportation of Pb to the Eurasian Arctic Basin, the Pb being scavenged to the underlying sediments en-route. Four cores along a longitudinal transect were analysed for Hg. None of the four cores displayed evidence of significant anthropogenic contamination. It is evident in the literature and from this study that further research is required to improve the understanding of the complex Hg biogeochemical cycle. This research also supports the hypothesis that the dissolution and remobilisation of Cd can make sediments a poor record of Cd temporal history.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

An investigation of metal contaminants in sediments of Arctic Svalbard : inferences for sources and transport pathways

The Arctic region is a seemingly pristine, remote environment yet in the past few decades there has been increasing evidence that it is greatly impacted by anthropogenic metal contamination. There are three main metal contaminants of major concern, lead (Pb) mercury (Hg) and cadmium (Cd). The aim of this research was to further investigate heavy metal contamination, specifically within the sediments of the Svalbard region, and the Barents Sea area, within the Arctic. Ten sediment cores were taken for analysis, each core was analysed to ascertain metal concentrations and to reconstruct the temporal contaminant history of the area. The cores were taken from three different environments; lacustrine, fjordic and marine. A comparison between these core sites allowed identification of the major transport pathways within this region and the relative importance of atmospheric and oceanic transport. Two cores from a freshwater lake, Lake Ossian (ICOS1) and an noxic lagoon, Bradallaguna (ICNL1) provide unequivocal evidence for the atmospheric transport of Pb. The most compelling story emerges from marine cores. The marine cores provide vital evidence that contaminant Pb is transported by oceanic currents to the Arctic environment. This study supports the hypothesis that the Atlantic water current is a prominent pathway for the transportation of Pb to the Eurasian Arctic Basin, the Pb being scavenged to the underlying sediments en-route. Four cores along a longitudinal transect were analysed for Hg. None of the four cores displayed evidence of significant anthropogenic contamination. It is evident in the literature and from this study that further research is required to improve the understanding of the complex Hg biogeochemical cycle. This research also supports the hypothesis that the dissolution and remobilisation of Cd can make sediments a poor record of Cd temporal history.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo