Sunspot waves and flare energy release

We address a possibility of the flare process initiation and further maintenance of its energy release due to a transformation of sunspot longitudinal waves into transverse magnetic loop oscillations with initiation of reconnection. This leads to heating maintaining after the energy release peak and formation of a flat stage on the X-ray profile. We applied the time-distance plots and pixel wavelet filtration (PWF) methods to obtain spatio-temporal distribution of wave power variations in SDO/AIA data. To find magnetic waveguides, we used magnetic field extrapolation of SDO/HMI magnetograms. The propagation velocity of wave fronts was measured from their spatial locations at specific times. In correlation curves of the 17 GHz (NoRH) radio emission we found a monotonous energy amplification of 3-min waves in the sunspot umbra before the 2012 June 7 flare. This dynamics agrees with an increase in the wave-train length in coronal loops (SDO/AIA, 171 {\AA}) reaching the maximum 30 minutes prior to the flare onset. A peculiarity of this flare time profile in soft X-rays (RHESSI, 3-25 keV) is maintaining the constant level of the flare emission for 10 minutes after the short impulse phase, which indicates at the energy release continuation. Throughout this time, we found 30-sec period transverse oscillations of the flare loop in the radio-frequency range (NoRH, 17 GHz). This periodicity is apparently related to the transformation of propagating longitudinal 3-min waves from the sunspot into the loop transverse oscillations. The magnetic field extrapolation showed the existence of the magnetic waveguide (loop) connecting the sunspot with the energy release region. A flare loop heating can be caused by the interaction (reconnections) of this transversally oscillating waveguide with the underlying twisted loops.Comment: 7 pages, 9 figure

Informational completeness of continuous-variable measurements

We justify that homodyne tomography turns out to be informationally complete when the number of independent quadrature measurements is equal to the dimension of the density matrix in the Fock representation. Using this as our thread, we examine the completeness of other schemes, when continuous-variable observations are truncated to discrete finite-dimensional subspaces.Comment: To appear in Phys. Rev.

Rotary balances: A selected, annotated bibliography

This bibliography on rotary balances contains 102 entries. It is part of NASA's support of the AGARD Fluid Dynamics Panel Working Group 11 on Rotary Balances. This bibliography includes works that might be useful to anyone interested in building or using rotor balances. Emphasis is on the rotary balance rigs and testing techniques rather than the aerodynamic data. Also included are some publications of historical interest which relate to key events in the development and use of rotary balances. The arrangement is chronological by date of publication in the case of reports and by presentation in the case of papers

Demonstration of Coherent State Discrimination Using a Displacement Controlled Photon Number Resolving Detector

We experimentally demonstrate a new measurement scheme for the discrimination of two coherent states. The measurement scheme is based on a displacement operation followed by a photon number resolving detector, and we show that it outperforms the standard homodyne detector which we, in addition, proof to be optimal within all Gaussian operations including conditional dynamics. We also show that the non-Gaussian detector is superior to the homodyne detector in a continuous variable quantum key distribution scheme.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure

Feasibility of free space quantum key distribution with coherent polarization states

We demonstrate for the first time the feasibility of free space quantum key distribution with continuous variables under real atmospheric conditions. More specifically, we transmit coherent polarization states over a 100m free space channel on the roof of our institute's building. In our scheme, signal and local oscillator are combined in a single spatial mode which auto-compensates atmospheric fluctuations and results in an excellent interference. Furthermore, the local oscillator acts as spatial and spectral filter thus allowing unrestrained daylight operation.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures, extensions in sections 2, 3.1, 3.2 and 4. This is an author-created, un-copyedited version of an article accepted for publication in New Journal of Physics (Special Issue on Quantum Cryptography: Theory and Practice). IOP Publishing Ltd is not responsible for any errors or omissions in this version of the manuscript or any version derived from i

Evolutionary Patterns in the Dentition of Duplicidentata (Mammalia) and a Novel Trend in the Molarization of Premolars

The cusp homology of Lagomorpha has long been problematic largely because their teeth are highly derived relative to their more typically tribosphenic ancestors. Within this context, the lagomorph central cusp has been particularly difficult to homologize with other tribosphenic cusps; authors have previously considered it the paracone, protocone, metacone, amphicone, or an entirely new cusp.Here we present newly described fossil duplicidentates (Lagomorpha and Mimotonidae) in the context of a well-constrained phylogeny to establish a nomenclatural system for cusps based on the tribosphenic pattern. We show that the central cusp of lagomorphs is homologous with the metaconule of other mammals. We also show that the buccal acquisition of a second cusp on the premolars (molarization) within duplicidentates is atypical with respect to other mammalian lineages; within the earliest lagomorphs, a second buccal cusp is added mesially to an isolated buccal cusp.The distal shift of the ‘ancestral’ paracone within early duplicidentates amounts to the changing of a paracone into a metacone in these lineages. For this reason, we support a strictly topological approach to cusp names, and suggest a discontinuity in nomenclature to capture the complexity of the interplay between evolutionary history and the developmental process that have produced cusp patterns in duplicidentates

Синтез похідних n-[4-метил(41-хлорофеніл)-2-r-фенілімінотіазол-3-іл]-морфоліну за реакцією Ганча

Continuing the search for biologically active substances among 2-R-phenylіmіnothіazole derivatives a new series of N-[4-methyl(41-chlorophenyl)-2-R-phenylіmіnothіazol-3-yl]-morpholine derivatives has been synthesized by Hantzsch reaction. Hydrochlorides of N-[4-methyl-2-R-phenylіmіnothіazol-3-yl]-morpholine 3 and hydrobromides of N-[4-(41-chlorophenyl)-2-R-phenylіmіnothіazol-3-yl]-morpholine 5 were obtained by boiling the equimolar amounts of asymmetric thioureas 1 with α-chloroacetone 2 and α-bromo-4-chloroacetophenone 4, respectively, in the ethanol medium. N-[4-(41-Chlorophenyl)-2-R-phenylіmіnothіazol-3-yl]-morpholine 6 were obtained by neutralizing compounds 5 using 10% NH4OH solution. Satisfactory yields of compounds 3, 5, 6 were obtained within 1-3 hours. N-[4-methyl(41-chlorophenyl)-2-R-phenylіmіnothіazol-3-yl]-morpholine derivatives 3, 5, 6 were crystallized from organic solvents and obtained with the yields of 74-87%. The structures and purity of 3, 5, 6 have been confirmed by elemental analysis, 1H NMR-spectra and chromato-mass spectroscopy. As a result of Hantzsch reaction formation of two isomeric structures is possible. Therefore, to determine a true structure of the compounds obtained NMR spectroscopy with its special techniques was used. The studies have been conducted on the example of the reaction product 6i, and it has been proven that this structure is exactly N-[4-(41chlorophenyl)-2-(4’-chlorophenylimino)thiazol-3-yl]-morpholine 6i. Based on the research results of the structure of the compounds synthesized a possible mechanism of the reaction studied has been proposed.Продолжая поиск новых биологически активных веществ среди производных 2-R-фенилиминотиазола в условиях реакции Ганча, мы синтезировали новый ряд производных N-[4-метил(41-хлорофенил)-2-Rфенилиминотиазол-3-ил]-морфолина. Гидрохлориды N-[4-метил-2-R-фенилиминотиазол-3-ил]-морфолина 3 и гидробромиды N-[4-(41-хлорофенил)-2-R-фенилиминотиазол-3-ил]-морфолина 5 были получены кипячением в этаноле эквимолярных количеств несимметричных тиомочевин 1 с α-хлорацетоном 2 и α-бром-4-хлорацетофеноном 4, соответственно. N-[4-(41-Хлорофенил-2-R-фенилиминотиазол-3-ил]морфолины 6 были получены нейтрализацией соединений 5 с использованием 10% раствора NH4OH. Удовлетворительные выходы синтезированных соединений 3, 5, 6 были получены в течение 1-3 часов. Целевые соединения 3, 5, 6 были получены кристаллизацией из органических растворителей с выходами 74-87%. Структура и чистота синтезированных соединений были подтверждены данными элементного анализа, 1Н ЯМР-спектроскопии и хромато-масс-спектрометрии. Так как в результате реакции возможно образование двух изомеров, для установления истинного строения полученных веществ была использована спектроскопия ПМР с ее специальными приемами. Исследования проведены на примере продукта реакции 6i и доказано, что данная структура является именно N-[4-(41-хлорофенил)-2(4’-хлорофенилимино)тиазол-3-ил]-морфолином 6i. На основе результатов проведенных исследований структуры синтезированных соединений предложен возможный механизм прохождения исследуемой реакции.Продовжуючи пошук нових біологічно активних речовин серед похідних 2-R-фенілімінотіазолу за реакцією Ганча, ми синтезували новий ряд похідних N-[4-метил(41-хлорофеніл)-2-R-фенілімінотіазол-3-іл]морфоліну. Гідрохлориди N-[4-метил-2-R-фенілімінотіазол-3-іл]-морфоліну 3 та гідроброміди N-[4-(41хлорофеніл)-2-R-фенілімінотіазол-3-іл]-морфоліну 5 були одержані кип’ятінням в етанолі еквімолярних кількостей несиметричних тіосечовин 1 з α-хлорацетоном 2 та α-бром-4-хлорацетофеноном 4, відповідно. N-[4-(41-Хлорофеніл-2-R-фенілімінотіазол-3-іл]-морфоліни 6 були одержані нейтралізацією сполук 5 з використанням 10% розчину NH4OH. Задовільні виходи синтезованих сполук 3, 5, 6 були одержані протягом 1-3 годин. Похідні N-[4-метил(41-хлорофеніл)-2-R-фенілімінотіазол-3-іл]-морфоліну були одержані кристалізацією з органічних розчинників з виходами 74-87%. Структура і чистота синтезованих сполук були підтверджені даними елементного аналізу, 1Н ЯМР-спектроскопії і хромато-масспектрометрії. Так як в результаті реакції можливе утворення двох ізомерів, для встановлення істинної будови одержаних речовин була використана спектроскопія ЯМР із її спеціальними прийомами. Дослідження проведені на прикладі продукту реакції 6i, в результаті яких доведено, що дана структура є саме N-[4-(41-хлорофеніл)-2-(4’-хлорофеніліміно)тіазол-3-іл]-морфоліном 6i. На основі результатів проведених досліджень структури синтезованих сполук запропонований можливий механізм перебігу досліджуваної реакції