Cosmic ray short burst observed with the Global Muon Detector Network (GMDN) on June 22, 2015

We analyze the short cosmic ray intensity increase ("cosmic ray burst": CRB) on June 22, 2015 utilizing a global network of muon detectors and derive the global anisotropy of cosmic ray intensity and the density (i.e. the omnidirectional intensity) with 10-minute time resolution. We find that the CRB was caused by a local density maximum and an enhanced anisotropy of cosmic rays both of which appeared in association with Earth's crossing of the heliospheric current sheet (HCS). This enhanced anisotropy was normal to the HCS and consistent with a diamagnetic drift arising from the spatial gradient of cosmic ray density, which indicates that cosmic rays were drifting along the HCS from the north of Earth. We also find a significant anisotropy along the HCS, lasting a few hours after the HCS crossing, indicating that cosmic rays penetrated into the inner heliosphere along the HCS. Based on the latest geomagnetic field model, we quantitatively evaluate the reduction of the geomagnetic cut-off rigidity and the variation of the asymptotic viewing direction of cosmic rays due to a major geomagnetic storm which occurred during the CRB and conclude that the CRB is not caused by the geomagnetic storm, but by a rapid change in the cosmic ray anisotropy and density outside the magnetosphere.Comment: accepted for the publication in the Astrophysical Journa

Ambiente de aprendizagem colaborativo orientado a problemas para gerência de redes

A formação de profissionais no domínio de Redes de Computadores tem tradicionalmente utilizado abordagens centradas no professor induzindo os alunos a uma condição mais passiva em lugar de prepará-los para a pesquisa e aplicação de novos conhecimentos. As abordagens centradas nos alunos que estimulam habilidades de auto-aprendizado e pensamento crítico, têm se mostrado mais apropriadas principalmente na área de tecnologia que está em constante aperfeiçoamento. Este trabalho apresenta um ambiente de aprendizado para o ensino de redes de computadores, utilizando uma abordagem orientada a problemas, que utiliza como ponto de partida a base de conhecimento de um sistema CBR - Case Based Reasoning utilizado para o diagnóstico de problemas em rede que é complementado comum chatterbot especializado em gerência de redes que acessa o sistema de gerência de rede usando SNMP.Eje: IV - Workshop de procesamiento distribuido y paraleloRed de Universidades con Carreras en Informática (RedUNCI

First-year LGBQ+ students in higher education: who are they and where do they enroll?

Recent decades have seen a growing body of scholarship dedicated to the college experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer (LGBQ+) students. To date, research on LGBQ+ students offers much-needed insight into their postsecondary experiences and outcomes (Rankin et al., 2019), and large-scale surveys indicate the proportion of LGBQ+ students is on the rise (e.g., Eagan et al., 2015; 2017). Yet, other than a breakdown of the types of institutions at which LGBQ+ students enroll (e.g., public and private 4-year colleges and universities) (Eagan et al., 2015; 2017), there is no national snapshot of this group’s demographic characteristics. Further, comparatively little quantitative research on this population exists (Garvey, 2014), with only one national survey, the American College Health Association (ACHA) National College Health Assessment, consistently collecting data on LGBQ+-identified students for more than a decade. Given the need for a more comprehensive understanding of the LGBQ+ collegiate community and the implications of such insight, the purpose of this study is twofold. First, it provides an estimate of the first-year LGBQ+ college student population at specific institution types using national data from entering college students. Second, it yields new information on the characteristics of first-year LGBQ+ individuals in United States higher education. METHODS: Data for this study come from the Interfaith Diversity Experiences and Attitudes Longitudinal Survey (IDEALS). IDEALS—a national, longitudinal study of students’ experiences with and perspectives toward religious, worldview, and other types of diversity (including sexual orientation)—was first fielded in the fall of 2015 to entering students at 122 U.S. college and universities who were recruited based on a national sampling frame that accounted for geography, size, control, and selectivity. Of the 122 institutions, 32 are public (41% of respondents), 32 are Protestant-affiliated (21% of respondents), 29 are private nonsectarian (24% of respondents), 15 are Evangelical Protestant (7% of respondents), and 14 are Catholic-affiliated (8% of respondents). A total of 20,436 students participated in the first wave of data collection; however, data on sexual orientation were only collected from 121 colleges, as one institution opted to omit the sexual orientation question given concerns for student privacy. Additional tests confirmed the exclusion of this institution had no impact on the findings. [End Page 499] White women were overrepresented in the unweighted dataset, while Men of Color were underrepresented. In light of representation issues and to ensure nationally representative results, the dataset was weighted using the “Generalized Raking Method” (see Deville et al. [1993] for an overview of the method). The idea of this approach is to come up with adjustment factors so that the percentages found in a survey match a set of known population percentages. Using computer code publicly available through the French National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE) (INSEE, 2018), weights were constructed to match the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) fall 2015 census of postsecondary enrollment on six dimensions: sex1 (female and male); race/ethnicity (Students of Color and white students); institutional status (private religious, private nonreligious, and public); Carnegie classification (large research or many doctoral programs, many master’s degree programs, and primarily bachelor’s or associate’s degree); geographic region (Northeast, Midwest, South, and West), and urbanicity (urban/city-set institution and not-city-set institution). As a reliable, standardized, and transparent data source vetted by the National Center of Education Statistics, IPEDS reduces both biases and missing data potentials. Unless noted, all tables presented in the results are weighted according to conventional weighting practices (Deville et al., 1993). ANALYSES AND RESULTS: We conducted descriptive analyses to examine how many LGBQ+ first-year students enroll at U.S. four-year postsecondary institutions. Of the approximately 3.2 million students who entered college in 2015, the vast majority identified as heterosexual (86.2%, n = 2,775,399). However, with 13.8% of students identifying as LGBQ+ (n = 444,862), this study suggests that the percentage of LGBQ+ students on U.S. campuses is higher than...First author draf

Biologia molecular aplicada à ciência das plantas daninhas.

The weeds have high genetic variability, mainly for this, they are adapted to environments disturbed by humans. Although weed control has evolved positively in recent years, they continue to interfere with agricultural production. The objective of this bibliographic review is to present the contribution of molecular biology in the studies applied to herbology. There area gap in what we learn about weed genomics, which could help us manage and improve the competitiveness of weed crops. Many studies in the field of weed science can be carried out using molecular biology techniques. The characterization of the genome of weed species, aiming to identify species with higher accuracy, identification of herbicide resistant species and its mechanism of resistance, genetic variability and similarity among weed populations, identification of genes involved in the interaction processes between plants, among other.As plantas daninhas possuem elevada variabilidade genética, e principalmente por este motivo, são adaptadas a ambientes com intensa atividade humana. Embora o controle de plantas daninhas tenha evoluído de maneira positiva nos últimos anos, elas continuam a interferir na produção agrícola. O objetivo desta revisão bibliográfica é apresentar a contribuição da biologia molecular nos estudos aplicados a herbologia. Há lacunas entre o que aprendemos sobre genômica de plantas daninhas e como esses conhecimentos poderiam nos auxiliar no manejo e melhorar a competividade de culturas agrícolas frente às plantas daninhas. Muitos estudos na área da ciência das plantas daninhas podem ser realizados com o emprego de técnicas de biologia molecular, sendo eles: caracterização do genoma de espécies de plantas daninhas, visando à identificação destes com maior acurácia, identificação de espécies resistentes a herbicidas e seu mecanismo de resistência, variabilidade e similaridade genética entre populações de plantas daninhas, identificação de genes envolvidos nos processos de interação entre plantas, dentre outros

Hierarquia de gerenciamento de redes com componentes móveis

O paradigma tradicional de gerenciamento centralizado não é mais suficiente para soluções efetivas de gerenciamento, principalmente pela falta de um melhor grau de escalabilidade, visto o crescimento da importância das redes de computadores e o aumento do número de dispositivos e serviços que estão acoplados a elas, levando á necessidade de redes e sistemas de gerenciamento eficientes. Uma abordagem mais promissora envolve um gerenciamento baseado em tarefas distribuídas, o que também facilita a integração entre o sistema de gerenciamento de redes e o de aplicações móveis distribuídas. Este artigo apresenta o projeto GRAMA (Gerenciamento de Redes usando Agentes Móveis), concentrando-se na sua arquitetura de gerenciamento com seus requisitos básicos e seus principais componentes. O projeto GRAMA deve interagir com o projeto ISAM (Infra-estrutura de Suporte á Aplicações Móveis) visando garantir uma eficiente infra-estrutura para o desenvolvimento de aplicações móveis. Ambos os projetos estão em desenvolvimento na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. No campo do gerenciamento de redes, observa-se uma falta de suporte uniforme para tornar mais eficiente a construção e execução de aplicações distribuídas móveis. Com o intuito de abordar este problema, está em desenvolvimento o projeto GRAMA (Gerenciamento de Redes usando Agentes Móveis), que visa projetar uma arquitetura de gerenciamento de rede de computadores adequada á mobilidade. GRAMA usa a tecnologia de agentes móveis para modelar o monitoramento e o controle da rede. Além disso, os agentes são responsáveis por adquirir, tratar, armazenar e disponibilizar informações referentes ao funcionamento da rede móvel com dois propósitos: (i) integrar a parte de monitoração para o gerenciamento da rede (GRAMA), (ii) integrar o módulo de monitoração da arquitetura ISAM (Infra-estrutura de Suporte ás Aplicações Móveis). ISAM é um projeto em desenvolvimento na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, que objetiva prover uma infra-estrutura para a programação e execução de aplicações distribuídas em ambiente com mobilidade física e lógica. A arquitetura ISAM está baseada no conceito de adaptação, e provê o suporte para que a aplicação altere seu comportamento em resposta á variação do seu contexto de execução [YAM01]. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar a arquitetura GRAMA e sua integração com o ISAM, e está estruturado da seguinte forma. Na seção 2, apresenta-se uma caracterização das redes com componentes móveis. Na sessão 3, é tratado o gerenciamento de redes, sendo discutida também a questão da mobilidade. A seção 4 concentra-se na modelagem do sistema de gerenciamento móvel proposto. A seção 5 apresenta a arquitetura ISAM e sua integração com GRAMA. Os trabalhos relacionados e as conclusões são apresentados na seção 6 e 7, respectivamente.Eje: Sistemas operativosRed de Universidades con Carreras en Informática (RedUNCI

AVERAGE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF COSMIC RAYS BEHIND THE INTERPLANETARY SHOCK-GLOBAL MUON DETECTOR NETWORK OBSERVATIONS

We analyze the galactic cosmic ray (GCR) density and its spatial gradient in Forbush Decreases (FDs) observed with the Global Muon Detector Network (GMDN) and neutron monitors (NMs). By superposing the GCR density and density gradient observed in FDs following 45 interplanetary shocks (IP-shocks), each associated with an identified eruption on the Sun, we infer the average spatial distribution of GCRs behind IP-shocks. We find two distinct modulations of GCR density in FDs, one in the magnetic sheath and the other in the coronal mass ejection (CME) behind the sheath. The density modulation in the sheath is dominant in the western flank of the shock, while the modulation in the CME ejecta stands out in the eastern flank. This east-west asymmetry is more prominent in GMDN data responding to similar to 60 GV GCRs than in NM data responding to similar to 10 GV GCRs, because of the softer rigidity spectrum of the modulation in the CME ejecta than in the sheath. The geocentric solar ecliptic-y component of the density gradient, G(y), shows a negative (positive) enhancement in FDs caused by the eastern (western) eruptions, while G(z) shows a negative (positive) enhancement in FDs caused by the northern (southern) eruptions. This implies that the GCR density minimum is located behind the central flank of IP-shocks and propagating radially outward from the location of the solar eruption. We also confirmed that the average Gz changes its sign above and below the heliospheric current sheet, in accord with the prediction of the drift model for the large-scale GCR transport in the heliosphere.ArticleASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL. 825(2):100 (2016)journal articl

Contribution of ULF Wave Activity to the Global Recovery of the Outer Radiation Belt During the Passage of a HighSpeed Solar Wind Stream Observed in September 2014

Energy coupling between the solar wind and the Earth's magnetosphere can affect the electron population in the outer radiation belt. However, the precise role of different internal and external mechanisms that leads to changes of the relativistic electron population is not entirely known. This paper describes how ultralow frequency (ULF) wave activity during the passage of Alfvenic solar wind streams contributes to the global recovery of the relativistic electron population in the outer radiation belt. To investigate the contribution of the ULF waves, we searched the Van Allen Probes data for a period in which we can clearly distinguish the enhancement of electron uxes from the background. We found that the global recovery that started on 22 September 2014, which coincides with the corotating interaction region preceding a highspeed stream and the occurrence of persistent substorm activity, provides an excellent scenario to explore the contribution of ULF waves. To support our analyses, we employed ground and spacebased observational data and global magnetohydrodynamic simulations and calculated the ULF wave radial diffusion coefcients employing an empirical model. Observations show a gradual increase of electron uxes in the outer radiation belt and a concomitant enhancement of ULF activity that spreads from higher to lower Lshells. Magnetohydrodynamic simulation results agree with observed ULF wave activity in the magnetotail, which leads to both fast and Alfven modes in the magnetospheric nightside sector. The observations agree with the empirical model and are conrmed by phase space density calculations for this global recovery period

Benevolent characteristics promote cooperative behaviour among humans

Cooperation is fundamental to the evolution of human society. We regularly observe cooperative behaviour in everyday life and in controlled experiments with anonymous people, even though standard economic models predict that they should deviate from the collective interest and act so as to maximise their own individual payoff. However, there is typically heterogeneity across subjects: some may cooperate, while others may not. Since individual factors promoting cooperation could be used by institutions to indirectly prime cooperation, this heterogeneity raises the important question of who these cooperators are. We have conducted a series of experiments to study whether benevolence, defined as a unilateral act of paying a cost to increase the welfare of someone else beyond one's own, is related to cooperation in a subsequent one-shot anonymous Prisoner's dilemma. Contrary to the predictions of the widely used inequity aversion models, we find that benevolence does exist and a large majority of people behave this way. We also find benevolence to be correlated with cooperative behaviour. Finally, we show a causal link between benevolence and cooperation: priming people to think positively about benevolent behaviour makes them significantly more cooperative than priming them to think malevolently. Thus benevolent people exist and cooperate more

Associação de glyphosate e fluazifop-p-butyl no controle de capim-annoni 2.

Resumo