1,270 research outputs found
Pay Me Later: Inside Debt and Its Role in Managerial Compensation
Inside debt, such as pensions and deferred compensation, constitutes a widely-used form of executive compensation, yet the the valuation and incentive effects of these instruments have been almost entirely overlooked by prior work. Our paper initiates this line of research. Among our findings are that pensions constitute a significant component of overall compensation; that CEO compensation in most firms exhibits a balance between debtand equity-based incentives, with the balance shifting systematically away from equity and toward debt as CEOs grow older; that CEOs with high debt-based incentives manage their firms conservatively to reduce default risk; and that pension plan compensation strongly influences patterns of CEO turnover and CEO cash compensation
Pay Me Later: Inside Debt and Its Role in Managerial Compensation
Many companies pay their executives using inside debt, such as pensions and deferred
compensation. Though these instruments are widely used, their valuation and incentive
effects for managers have been almost entirely overlooked by prior research. CEO compensation in most firms exhibits a balance between debt and equity based incentives, and
the balance systematically shifts away from equity and toward debt as CEOs grow older.
CEOs with high debt-based incentives manage their firms conservatively to reduce default
risk. Pension plan compensation strongly influences patterns of CEO turnover and CEO
cash compensation
Pain management in Gridhrasi through Ayurveda - An Observational Study
Gridhrasi is a Shula Pradhana Vata Nanatmaja Vyadhi which is characterized by the Kramat Shula in the Prushtha Bhaaga of Sphik, Kati, Uru, Jaanu Jangha and Pada Pradesha. It is corelated with Sciatica based on the aetiology and symptomatology. This disease is mainly caused due the improper postures and the nature of the work. The main challenge is the management of pain. In Modern Science this condition is managed by the administration of Analgesics and in the later conditions Surgery will be advised with no definite relief. Shodhana, Siravyadha, Basti, Agni Karma are the treatment modalities have been mentioned in the classics. Here the study is conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Siravyadha in the management of the Shula in Gridhrasi with a successful outcome
Potential therapeutic applications of biosurfactants
Biosurfactants have recently emerged as promising
molecules for their structural novelty, versatility, and
diverse properties that are potentially useful for many
therapeutic applications. Mainly due to their surface
activity, these molecules interact with cell membranes
of several organisms and/or with the surrounding environments,
and thus can be viewed as potential cancer
therapeutics or as constituents of drug delivery systems.
Some types of microbial surfactants, such as lipopeptides
and glycolipids, have been shown to selectively
inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells and to disrupt cell
membranes causing their lysis through apoptosis pathways.
Moreover, biosurfactants as drug delivery vehicles
offer commercially attractive and scientifically novel
applications. This review covers the current state-ofthe-
art in biosurfactant research for therapeutic purposes,
providing new directions towards the discovery
and development of molecules with novel structures and
diverse functions for advanced applications.The authors acknowledge Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT) (Portugal) and the Department of Science and Technology (DST) (India) for financial support of the project 'MEDSURF - The potential use of biosurfactants for medical applications' developed under the scope of a bilateral agreement between Portugal and India
Understanding and Evaluating Assurance Cases
Assurance cases are a method for providing assurance for a system by giving an argument to justify a claim about the system, based on evidence about its design, development, and tested behavior. In comparison with assurance based on guidelines or standards (which essentially specify only the evidence to be produced), the chief novelty in assurance cases is provision of an explicit argument. In principle, this can allow assurance cases to be more finely tuned to the specific circumstances of the system, and more agile than guidelines in adapting to new techniques and applications. The first part of this report (Sections 1-4) provides an introduction to assurance cases. Although this material should be accessible to all those with an interest in these topics, the examples focus on software for airborne systems, traditionally assured using the DO-178C guidelines and its predecessors. A brief survey of some existing assurance cases is provided in Section 5. The second part (Section 6) considers the criteria, methods, and tools that may be used to evaluate whether an assurance case provides sufficient confidence that a particular system or service is fit for its intended use. An assurance case cannot provide unequivocal "proof" for its claim, so much of the discussion focuses on the interpretation of such less-than-definitive arguments, and on methods to counteract confirmation bias and other fallibilities in human reasoning
Some exact results for the trapping of subdiffusive particles in one dimension
We study a generalization of the standard trapping problem of random walk
theory in which particles move subdiffusively on a one-dimensional lattice. We
consider the cases in which the lattice is filled with a one-sided and a
two-sided random distribution of static absorbing traps with concentration c.
The survival probability Phi(t) that the random walker is not trapped by time t
is obtained exactly in both versions of the problem through a fractional
diffusion approach. Comparison with simulation results is madeComment: 15 pages, 2 figure
Scaling and Memory Effect in Volatility Return Interval of the Chinese Stock Market
We investigate the probability distribution of the volatility return
intervals for the Chinese stock market. We rescale both the probability
distribution and the volatility return intervals as
to obtain a uniform scaling curve
for different threshold value . The scaling curve can be well fitted by the
stretched exponential function , which
suggests memory exists in . To demonstrate the memory effect, we
investigate the conditional probability distribution ,
the mean conditional interval and the cumulative probability
distribution of the cluster size of . The results show clear clustering
effect. We further investigate the persistence probability distribution
and find that decays by a power law with the exponent
far different from the value 0.5 for the random walk, which further confirms
long memory exists in . The scaling and long memory effect of for
the Chinese stock market are similar to those obtained from the United States
and the Japanese financial markets.Comment: 10 elsart pages including 7 eps figure
Leptogenesis with "Fuzzy Mass Shell" for Majorana Neutrinos
We study the mixing of elementary and composite particles. In quantum field
theory the mixing of composite particles originates in the couplings of the
constituent quarks and for neutrinos in self-energy diagrams. In the event that
the incoming and outgoing neutrinos have different masses, the self-energy
diagrams vanish because energy is not conserved but the finite decaying widths
make the mixing possible. We can consider the neutrinos to be "fuzzy" states on
their mass shell and the mixing is understood as the overlap of two
wavefunctions. These considerations restrict the mass difference to be
approximately equal to or smaller than the largest of the two widths: abs(M_i -
M_j) lessorequal max(Gamma_i, Gamma_j).Comment: 11 pages, 1 figur
Granger Causality and Cross Recurrence Plots in Rheochaos
Our stress relaxation measurements on wormlike micelles using a Rheo-SALS
(rheology + small angle light scattering) apparatus allow simultaneous
measurements of the stress and the scattered depolarised intensity. The latter
is sensitive to orientational ordering of the micelles. To determine the
presence of causal influences between the stress and the depolarised intensity
time series, we have used the technique of linear and nonlinear Granger
causality. We find there exists a feedback mechanism between the two time
series and that the orientational order has a stronger causal effect on the
stress than vice versa. We have also studied the phase space dynamics of the
stress and the depolarised intensity time series using the recently developed
technique of cross recurrence plots (CRPs). The presence of diagonal line
structures in the CRPs unambiguously proves that the two time series share
similar phase space dynamics.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figure
Full-commanding a network: The dictator
A network of chaotic dynamical systems may synchronize.
For some networks there is the possibility that, coupling a new node to
the network, the synchronization will be commanded by that new node.
That possibility depends on the network and on the way the new node is
coupled to the network.We consider a coupling that can provide what we
call a full-commanding and we define the corresponding full-commandwindow.
The limit situations corresponding to a completely connected
network and to a completely disconnected one provide us some understanding
about what makes a network more receptive or more resistant
to commanding
- …