Light Influences Feeding and Growth of Echinoplutei.

Because planktonic invertebrate larvae may be food-limited, anything that increases feeding and digestive efficiency should increase the chances of larval survival to metamorphosis. As light directly enhances both feeding and digestion in some planktonic heterotrophic protists, we hypothesize that similar processes might occur in the larvae of marine invertebrates. We studied the direct effects of light on feeding and development in sea urchin larvae (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, S. franciscanus and sand dollar Dendraster excentricus). Larvae were placed in 12:12 h light:dark cycles or in complete darkness and ingestion rates were measured. We monitored larval morphology during the first 2 to 3 wk of development and tested for light-related differences. Short-term changes in light regime had no effect on feeding rates. However, larvae of all 3 species showed longer-term diel feeding patterns with ingestion rates generally higher during daylight hours. These patterns persisted in S. franciscanus larvae even when larvae were held in complete darkness for 3 d. Larvae of D. excentricus exposed to natural light cycles developed longer arms usually associated with food limitation; those held in darkness had significantly shorter arms. The developing juvenile structures (i.e., rudiments) of S. droebachiensis larvae exposed to light were significantly smaller than those of larvae held in continuous darkness, suggesting that light may have negative effects on larval growth and development. Measuring the effects of light on feeding and growth may clarify the behaviors of invertebrate larvae during their critically important planktonic period

Mitochondrial cyclophilin D promotes disease tolerance by licensing NK cell development and IL-22 production against influenza virus

Severity of pulmonary viral infections, including influenza A virus (IAV), is linked to excessive immunopathology, which impairs lung function. Thus, the same immune responses that limit viral replication can concomitantly cause lung damage that must be countered by largely uncharacterized disease tolerance mechanisms. Here, we show that mitochondrial cyclophilin D (CypD) protects against IAV via disease tolerance. Cyp

Reconfigurable photon localization by coherent drive and dissipation in photonic lattices

7 pags., 4 figs.The engineering of localized modes in photonic structures is one of the main targets of modern photonics. An efficient strategy to design these modes is to use the interplay of constructive and destructive interference in periodic photonic lattices. This mechanism is at the origin of the defect modes in photonic bandgaps, bound states in the continuum, and compact localized states in flat bands. Here, we show that in lattices of lossy resonators, the addition of external optical drives with a controlled phase enlarges the possibilities of manipulating interference effects and allows for the design of novel types of localized modes. Using a honeycomb lattice of coupled micropillars resonantly driven with several laser spots at energies within its photonic bands, we demonstrate the localization of light in at-will geometries down to a single site. These localized modes are fully reconfigurable and have the potentiality of enhancing nonlinear effects and of controlling light-matter interactions with single site resolution.Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (PGC2018-094792-B-100); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (PTI-001); Comunidad de Madrid (CAM 2020 Y2020/TCS-6545); Narodowe Centrum Nauki (DEC-2019/32/T/ST3/00332); Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-11-LABX-0007, ANR-16-CE30-0021, ANR-16-IDEX-0004 ULNE, ANR-QUAN-0003-05); European Research Council (820392, 865151, 949730), Région Hauts-de-France

A systematic review on the use of quantitative imaging to detect cancer therapy adverse effects in normal-appearing brain tissue

Cancer therapy for both central nervous system (CNS) and non-CNS tumors has been previously associated with transient and long-term cognitive deterioration, commonly referred to as ‘chemo fog’. This therapy-related damage to otherwise normal-appearing brain tissue is reported using post-mortem neuropathological analysis. Although the literature on monitoring therapy effects on structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is well established, such macroscopic structural changes appear relatively late and irreversible. Early quantitative MRI biomarkers of therapy-induced damage would potentially permit taking these treatment side effects into account, paving the way towards a more personalized treatment planning. This systematic review (PROSPERO number 224196) provides an overview of quantitative tomographic imaging methods, potentially identifying the adverse side effects of cancer therapy in normal-appearing brain tissue. Seventy studies were obtained from the MEDLINE and Web of Science databases. Studies reporting changes in normal-appearing brain tissue using MRI, PET, or SPECT quantitative biomarkers, related to radio-, chemo-, immuno-, or hormone therapy for any kind of solid, cystic, or liquid tumor were included. The main findings of the reviewed studies were summarized, providing also the risk of bias of each study assessed using a modified QUADAS-2 tool. For each imaging method, this review provides the methodological background, and the benefits and shortcomings of each method from the imaging perspective. Finally, a set of recommendations is proposed to support future research

Topological gap solitons in a 1D non-Hermitian lattice

Nonlinear topological photonics is an emerging field aiming at extending the fascinating properties of topological states to the realm where interactions between the system constituents cannot be neglected. Interactions can indeed trigger topological phase transitions, induce symmetry protection and robustness properties for the many-body system. Moreover when coupling to the environment via drive and dissipation is also considered, novel collective phenomena are expected to emerge. Here, we report the nonlinear response of a polariton lattice implementing a non-Hermitian version of the Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model. We trigger the formation of solitons in the topological gap of the band structure, and show that these solitons demonstrate robust nonlinear properties with respect to defects, because of the underlying sub-lattice symmetry. Leveraging on the system non-Hermiticity, we engineer the drive phase pattern and unveil bulk solitons that have no counterpart in conservative systems. They are localized on a single sub-lattice with a spatial profile alike a topological edge state. Our results demonstrate a tool to stabilize the nonlinear response of driven dissipative topological systems, which may constitute a powerful resource for nonlinear topological photonics

Age-related changes in global motion coherence: conflicting haemodynamic and perceptual responses

Our aim was to use both behavioural and neuroimaging data to identify indicators of perceptual decline in motion processing. We employed a global motion coherence task and functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS). Healthy adults (n = 72, 18-85) were recruited into the following groups: young (n = 28, mean age = 28), middle-aged (n = 22, mean age = 50), and older adults (n = 23, mean age = 70). Participants were assessed on their motion coherence thresholds at 3 different speeds using a psychophysical design. As expected, we report age group differences in motion processing as demonstrated by higher motion coherence thresholds in older adults. Crucially, we add correlational data showing that global motion perception declines linearly as a function of age. The associated fNIRS recordings provide a clear physiological correlate of global motion perception. The crux of this study lies in the robust linear correlation between age and haemodynamic response for both measures of oxygenation. We hypothesise that there is an increase in neural recruitment, necessitating an increase in metabolic need and blood flow, which presents as a higher oxygenated haemoglobin response. We report age-related changes in motion perception with poorer behavioural performance (high motion coherence thresholds) associated with an increased haemodynamic response

The Glasgow Voice Memory Test: Assessing the ability to memorize and recognize unfamiliar voices

One thousand one hundred and twenty subjects as well as a developmental phonagnosic subject (KH) along with age-matched controls performed the Glasgow Voice Memory Test, which assesses the ability to encode and immediately recognize, through an old/new judgment, both unfamiliar voices (delivered as vowels, making language requirements minimal) and bell sounds. The inclusion of non-vocal stimuli allows the detection of significant dissociations between the two categories (vocal vs. non-vocal stimuli). The distributions of accuracy and sensitivity scores (d’) reflected a wide range of individual differences in voice recognition performance in the population. As expected, KH showed a dissociation between the recognition of voices and bell sounds, her performance being significantly poorer than matched controls for voices but not for bells. By providing normative data of a large sample and by testing a developmental phonagnosic subject, we demonstrated that the Glasgow Voice Memory Test, available online and accessible fromall over the world, can be a valid screening tool (~5 min) for a preliminary detection of potential cases of phonagnosia and of “super recognizers” for voices