Neural Pathways in Allergic Inflammation

Allergy is on the rise worldwide. Asthma, food allergy, dermatitis, and systemic anaphylaxis are amongst the most common allergic diseases. The association between allergy and altered behavior patterns has long been recognized. The molecular and cellular pathways in the bidirectional interactions of nervous and immune systems are now starting to be elucidated. In this paper, we outline the consequences of allergic diseases, especially food allergy and asthma, on behavior and neural activity and on the neural modulation of allergic responses

Enhancement of Methacholine-Evoked Tracheal Contraction Induced by Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides Depends on Epithelium and Tumor Necrosis Factor

Inhaled bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) induce an acute tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α-) dependent inflammatory response in the murine airways mediated by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) via the myeloid differentiation MyD88 adaptor protein pathway. However, the contractile response of the bronchial smooth muscle and the role of endogenous TNFα in this process have been elusive. We determined the in vivo respiratory pattern of C57BL/6 mice after intranasal LPS administration with or without the presence of increasing doses of methacholine (MCh). We found that LPS administration altered the basal and MCh-evoked respiratory pattern that peaked at 90 min and decreased thereafter in the next 48 h, reaching basal levels 7 days later. We investigated in controlled ex vivo condition the isometric contraction of isolated tracheal rings in response to MCh cholinergic stimulation. We observed that preincubation of the tracheal rings with LPS for 90 min enhanced the subsequent MCh-induced contractile response (hyperreactivity), which was prevented by prior neutralization of TNFα with a specific antibody. Furthermore, hyperreactivity induced by LPS depended on an intact epithelium, whereas hyperreactivity induced by TNFα was well maintained in the absence of epithelium. Finally, the enhanced contractile response to MCh induced by LPS when compared with control mice was not observed in tracheal rings from TLR4- or TNF- or TNF-receptor-deficient mice. We conclude that bacterial endotoxin-mediated hyperreactivity of isolated tracheal rings to MCh depends upon TLR4 integrity that signals the activation of epithelium, which release endogenous TNFα

Universal adhesives applied to deep dentin with different bonding treatments

Fil: Mirotti, Germán. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Odontología. Departamento de Rehabilitación Bucal. Cátedra de Operatoria I "A”; Argentina.Fil: Lutri, Mónica Paola. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Odontología. Departamento de Rehabilitación Bucal. Cátedra de Operatoria I "A”; Argentina.Fil: Kraemer, María Elis. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Odontología. Departamento de Rehabilitación Bucal. Cátedra de Operatoria I "A”; Argentina.Fil: Monserrat, Natalia. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Odontología. Departamento de Rehabilitación Bucal. Cátedra de Operatoria I "A”; Argentina.Fil: Piconi, María Celeste. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Odontología. Departamento de Rehabilitación Bucal. Cátedra de Operatoria I "A”; Argentina.Fil: Caballero, Alicia L. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Odontología. Departamento de Rehabilitación Bucal. Cátedra de Operatoria I "A”; Argentina.Fil: Rozas, Carlos A.. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Odontología. Departamento de Rehabilitación Bucal. Cátedra de Operatoria I "A”; Argentina.Fil: Croharé, Luis M. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Odontología. Área de Biología Odontológica; Argentina.Fil: Sezin, Mario. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Odontología. Departamento de Rehabilitación Bucal. Cátedra de Operatoria I "A”; Argentina.Eighth-generation adhesives may be applied with total etch, selective-etch or self-conditioning, and serve as primers for non-dental substrates. Aim: To determine the bonding characteristics of universal adhesives applied to the deep pulp wall with different strategies, by means of shear bond strength and laser microscopy. Materials and Method: Cavities 4 mm deep and maximum width were carved in 36 extracted molars. Nine groups were formed according to dental substrate treatment and adhesives, as follows: Total-etch: group 1-Monobond 7 self-etch, group 2-One coat 7 universal, and group 3-Single bond universal; Adamantine etch: group 4-Monobond 7 self-etch, group 5-One coat 7 universal, and group 6-Single bond universal; Self-conditioning: group 7-Monobond 7 self-etch, group 8-One coat 7 universal, and group 9-Single bond universal. Molars were filled following the manufacturer?s instructions. Three specimens per group (27 altogether) were used to determine shear bond strength using a universal testing machine, while layer thicknesses were measured on the remaining specimens using microscope images and Olympus LEXT 3D Software. Analysis of variance was used to compare data. Results: Mean (standard deviation) bond strength in megapascals (MPa) was: group 1: 7.06±3.01; group 2: 10.74±4.36; group 3: 8.20±3.92; group 4: 7.41±2.23; group 5: 6.84±1.50; group 6: 5.86±2.10; group 7: 5.83±1.94; group 8: 7.14±2.37; group 9: 8.06±3.51. Bond strength was higher (p=0.049) for total-etch (8.61±3.96) than for selective etch (6.71±1.98) and self-conditioning (6.91±2.68). No significant difference was found among the three adhesives (p=0.205). Adhesive layer in micrometers (μm) was total-etch 8.71±4.93, selective etch 5.49±1.70 and self-conditioning 6.27±3.01, with no significant difference. Conclusions: There were significant differences among bonding strategies, with the highest values for total-etch. No significant difference was observed between self-conditioning and selective etch. No significant difference was found among the adhesives, which all behaved similarly. The greatest adhesive layer thicknesses were recorded in the total-etch group, with no significant difference among the various adhesive approaches.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionFil: Mirotti, Germán. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Odontología. Departamento de Rehabilitación Bucal. Cátedra de Operatoria I "A”; Argentina.Fil: Lutri, Mónica Paola. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Odontología. Departamento de Rehabilitación Bucal. Cátedra de Operatoria I "A”; Argentina.Fil: Kraemer, María Elis. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Odontología. Departamento de Rehabilitación Bucal. Cátedra de Operatoria I "A”; Argentina.Fil: Monserrat, Natalia. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Odontología. Departamento de Rehabilitación Bucal. Cátedra de Operatoria I "A”; Argentina.Fil: Piconi, María Celeste. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Odontología. Departamento de Rehabilitación Bucal. Cátedra de Operatoria I "A”; Argentina.Fil: Caballero, Alicia L. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Odontología. Departamento de Rehabilitación Bucal. Cátedra de Operatoria I "A”; Argentina.Fil: Rozas, Carlos A.. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Odontología. Departamento de Rehabilitación Bucal. Cátedra de Operatoria I "A”; Argentina.Fil: Croharé, Luis M. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Odontología. Área de Biología Odontológica; Argentina.Fil: Sezin, Mario. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Odontología. Departamento de Rehabilitación Bucal. Cátedra de Operatoria I "A”; Argentina.Otras Ciencias de la Salu

Recent advances in food allergy

Food allergy is a public health issue that has significantly increased worldwide in the past decade, affecting consumers’ quality of life and making increasing demands on health service resources. Despite recent advances in many areas of diagnosis and treatment, our general knowledge of the basic mechanisms of the disease remain limited i.e., not at pace with the exponential number of new cases and the explosion of new technologies. Many important key questions remain: What defines a major allergen? Why do some individuals develop food allergies and others do not? Which are the environmental factors? Could the environmental factors be monitored through epigenetics or modified by changes in the microbiome? Can tolerance to food be induced? Why are some foods more likely to trigger allergies than others? Does the route and timing of exposure have any role on sensitization? These and many other related questions remain unanswered. In this short review some of these topics are addressed in the light of recent advances in the area

Ligand binding to an Allergenic Lipid Transfer Protein Enhances Conformational Flexibility resulting in an Increase in Susceptibility to Gastroduodenal Proteolysis

Non-specific lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) are a family of lipid-binding molecules that are widely distributed across flowering plant species, many of which have been identified as allergens. They are highly resistant to simulated gastroduodenal proteolysis, a property that may play a role in determining their allergenicity and it has been suggested that lipid binding may further increase stability to proteolysis. It is demonstrated that LTPs from wheat and peach bind a range of lipids in a variety of conditions, including those found in the gastroduodenal tract. Both LTPs are initially cleaved during gastroduodenal proteolysis at three major sites between residues 39–40, 56–57 and 79–80, with wheat LTP being more resistant to cleavage than its peach ortholog. The susceptibility of wheat LTP to proteolyic cleavage increases significantly upon lipid binding. This enhanced digestibility is likely to be due to the displacement of Tyr79 and surrounding residues from the internal hydrophobic cavity upon ligand binding to the solvent exposed exterior of the LTP, facilitating proteolysis. Such knowledge contributes to our understanding as to how resistance to digestion can be used in allergenicity risk assessment of novel food proteins, including GMOs

Current challenges facing the assessment of the allergenic capacity of food allergens in animal models

Food allergy is a major health problem of increasing concern. The insufficiency of protein sources for human nutrition in a world with a growing population is also a significant problem. The introduction of new protein sources into the diet, such as newly developed innovative foods or foods produced using new technologies and production processes, insects, algae, duckweed, or agricultural products from third countries, creates the opportunity for development of new food allergies, and this in turn has driven the need to develop test methods capable of characterizing the allergenic potential of novel food proteins. There is no doubt that robust and reliable animal models for the identification and characterization of food allergens would be valuable tools for safety assessment. However, although various animal models have been proposed for this purpose, to date, none have been formally validated as predictive and none are currently suitable to test the allergenic potential of new foods. Here, the design of various animal models are reviewed, including among others considerations of species and strain, diet, route of administration, dose and formulation of the test protein, relevant controls and endpoints measured

The allergenicity of 2S plant albumins : a Brazilnut model system

This paper looks at the allergenicity of 2S plant albumin

Studi sullo stato sanitario dell'olivo in aree marginali dell'Italia settentrionale. 2 Verticillosi.

La verticillosi dell'olivo ha avuto in questi anni un'incidenza via via crescente negli areali vocati a questa coltivazione. Nel biennio 2003-2004, si \ue8 ritenuto importante, quindi, effettuare un monitoraggio preliminare per valutare la presenza di Verticillium dahliae anche in aree olivicole marginali. In generale, negli isolamenti effettuati \ue8 stata evidenziata una micoflora di tipo saprofitario e solo nel materiale vegetale proveniente dalle Marche sono state identificate colonie fungine riferibili a V. dahliae Kleb