Русские и чешские народные приметы (сравнение примет двух по происхождению родственных культур и их значение при обучении иностранным языкам)

The present foreign languages methodology involves the awareness of all language levels: language, pragmatic and sociocultural ones. Folk lore as part of culture can efficiently promote creating of intercultural abilities as they include experience, attitudes, traditions as well as lifestyle of a respective community. Russian and Czech lore bases are very similar to each other coming out from the same social principles of Slavic nations. Both societies are Christian ones and for both agriculture was the main way of making living in the Middles Ages and the modern period, which are the main sources of lore. Most sayings concern weather forecast, harvest and work methods in agriculture. The article focuses mainly on phenology sayings that concern various animals.La presente metodología de lenguas extranjeras incluye el conocimiento de todos los niveles de la lengua: el lingüístico, el pragmático y el sociocultural. El folclore como parte de la cultura puede promover de forma eficiente la creación de habilidades interculturales dado que incluyen experiencias, actitudes, tradiciones, así como el estilo de vida de una determinada comunidad. Las bases del folklore ruso y checo son muy similares, con el origen común de las naciones eslavas. Ambas sociedades son cristianas y en ambos pueblos la agricultura fue el modo de vida principal en la Edad Media y en la Edad Moderna, que constituyen las fuentes del folclore. La mayoría de los refranes se refieren a la predicción del tiempo, la cosecha y los métodos de trabajo en la agricultura. El artículo se centra principalmente en los refranes relacionados con varios animales

Distinct genetic control of parasite elimination, dissemination, and disease after Leishmania major infection

Elimination of pathogens is the basis of host resistance to infections; however, relationship between persisting pathogens and disease has not been clarified. Leishmania major infection in mice is an important model of host–pathogen relationship. Infected BALB/c mice exhibit high parasite numbers in lymph nodes and spleens, and a chronic disease with skin lesions, splenomegaly, and hepatomegaly, increased serum IgE levels and cytokine imbalance. Although numerous gene loci affecting these disease symptoms have been reported, genes controlling parasites’ elimination or dissemination have never been mapped. We therefore compared genetics of the clinical and immunologic symptomatology with parasite load in (BALB/c × CcS-11) F2 hybrids and mapped five loci, two of which control parasite elimination or dissemination. Lmr5 influences parasite loads in spleens (and skin lesions, splenomegaly, and serum IgE, IL-4, and IFNγ levels), and Lmr20 determines parasite numbers in draining lymph nodes (and serum levels of IgE and IFNγ), but no skin or visceral pathology. Three additional loci do not affect parasite numbers but influence significantly the disease phenotype—Lmr21: skin lesions and IFNγ levels, Lmr22: IL-4 levels, Lmr23: IFNγ levels, indicating that development of L. major-caused disease includes critical regulations additional to control of parasite spread

Genetic Control of Resistance to Trypanosoma brucei brucei Infection in Mice

Trypanosoma brucei are extracellular protozoa transmitted to mammalian host by the tsetse fly. They developed several mechanisms that subvert host's immune defenses. Therefore analysis of genes affecting host's resistance to infection can reveal critical aspects of host-parasite interactions. Trypanosoma brucei brucei infects many animal species including livestock, with particularly severe effects in horses and dogs. Mouse strains differ greatly in susceptibility to T. b. brucei. However, genes controlling susceptibility to this parasite have not been mapped. We analyzed the genetic control of survival after T. b. brucei infection using CcS/Dem recombinant congenic (RC) strains, each of which contains a different random set of 12.5% genes of their donor parental strain STS/A on the BALB/c genetic background. The RC strain CcS-11 is even more susceptible to parasites than BALB/c or STS/A. In F2 hybrids between BALB/c and CcS-11 we detected and mapped four loci, Tbbr1-4 (Trypanosoma brucei brucei response 1–4), that control survival after T. b. brucei infection. Tbbr1 (chromosome 3) and Tbbr2 (chromosome 12) have independent effects, Tbbr3 (chromosome 7) and Tbbr4 (chromosome 19) were detected by their mutual inter-genic interaction. Tbbr2 was precision mapped to a segment of 2.15 Mb that contains 26 genes

Urogynecologic surgical mesh and associated complications: Can computational biomechanics help?

This publication was supported by the project CZ.02.1/0.0/0.0/17_048/0007280 of the Czech Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports under the operational program Research, Development and Education.Pelvic organ prolapse is a pelvic floor disorder occurring when the tissue and muscles of the pelvic floor no longer support the pelvic organs resulting in the drop from their normal position. The pelvic organs include the vagina, uterus, bladder, urethra, and rectum. The bladder is the most commonly involved organ in pelvic organ prolapse. Pelvic organ prolapse can also be associated with stress urinary incontinence. Stress urinary incontinence is a leakage of urine during moments of physical activity that increases abdominal pressure, such as coughing, sneezing, laughing, or exercise

Geometrical model of muscle attachment sites in hand

This work was supported by the project n. 182 Obstetrics 2.0 Virtual models for the prevention of injuries during childbirth realised within the frame of the Program INTERREG V-A: Crossborder cooperation between the Czech Republic and the Federal State of Germany Bavaria, Aim European Cross-border cooperation 2014-2020. The realisation is supported by financial means of the European Regional Development Fund (85 % of the costs) and the state budget of the Czech Republic (5 %). The next thanks belong to internal grant of UWB: SGS-2016-059.Our study provides novel approach to acquiring data used in biomechanical models along with dataset of hand muscle data. It also provides a tool for generating these data, relieving researchers of some tedious labor and possibly allowing for greater reproducibility of research

Development of a personalized musculoskeletal human shoulder

This work was supported by the project n. 38 Virtual human body model for prevention, therapy and rehabilitation of shoulder disease realised within the frame of the Program INTERREG V-A: Cross-border cooperation between the Czech Republic and the Federal State of Germany Bavaria, Aim European Cross-border cooperation 2014-2020. The realisation is supported by financial means of the European Regional Development Fund (85% of the costs) and the state budget of the Czech Republic (5%).The aim of this study is to contribute to the development of personalized musculoskeletal human shoulder model for the prevention, therapy and rehabilitation strategies. Namely, we participate in the development of the virtual shoulder model in the AnyBody Modeling System (AMS). This model consists of bones that are interconnected via kinematic joints, muscles with corresponding tendons and ligaments. The bones are considered as rigid bodies. Each muscle with corresponding tendon is represented with several virtual elements in the model that are usually referred to as lines of action. These lines are considered as hill-type models and allows for the active motion of the model as a whole. An important task in the model development is setting realistic muscle paths in order to predict accurate acting forces and moments. To achieve that, artificial obstacles are used in the AMS model to avoid unreal muscle shapes and excessive sliding. Namely, the torus obstacle method is used. It means that for each muscle line, tori obstacles are defined. The path is then given as a shortest connection of muscle attachments, closely wrapping the torus surface. Hence, the key issue of the model development is to define proper position and radii of each torus obstacle. These parameters differ in general for different individuals. The aim of this study is to develop methodology for setting the parameters of tori obstacles based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of a particular shoulder. That is, patient-specific approach is adopted

Analysis of stretch and stress distribution in pelvic floor structures during vaginal delivery using computer modeling

This work was supported by the project n. 182 Obstetrics 2.0 Virtual models for the prevention of injuries during childbirth realised within the frame of the Program INTERREG V-A: Cross-border cooperation between the Czech Republic and the Federal State of Germany Bavaria, Aim European Cross-border cooperation 2014-2020. The realisation is supported by financial means of the European Regional Development Fund (85 % of the costs) and the state budget of the Czech Republic (5 %).Female pelvic floor dysfunction, such as urinary incontinence, fecal urgency or pelvic organ prolapse, is very often associated with injuries of pelvic floor structures during childbirth. This trauma usually causes lifelong complications leading to poorer social or/and sexual life. The paper from Great Britain published that only 9.6 % of primipara and 31.2 % of sekundipara deliver with intact perineum [5]. In addition, the older study showed that 85 % women are suffering from injury of perineum during vaginal delivery [4]. Therefore, it is essential to understand the anatomy and physiology of these structures to avoid or at least to decrease the trauma of vaginal delivery. The computer modeling is a sophisticated tool how to achieve that

Enthesopathies and activity patterns in the Early Medieval Great Moravian population: Evidence of division of labour

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