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Collective identities and transnational networks in medieval and early modern Europe, 1000-180

¿Soldado sanguinario o heroico adalid? Gaspar de Robles en las crónicas de Groninga

Collective identities and transnational networks in medieval and early modern Europe, 1000-180

PMP and Climate Variability and Change: A Review

[EN] A state-of-the-art review on the probable maximum precipitation (PMP) as it relates to climate variability and change is presented. The review consists of an examination of the current practice and the various developments published in the literature. The focus is on relevant research where the effect of climate dynamics on the PMP are discussed, as well as statistical methods developed for estimating very large extreme precipitation including the PMP. The review includes interpretation of extreme events arising from the climate system, their physical mechanisms, and statistical properties, together with the effect of the uncertainty of several factors determining them, such as atmospheric moisture, its transport into storms and wind, and their future changes. These issues are examined as well as the underlying historical and proxy data. In addition, the procedures and guidelines established by some countries, states, and organizations for estimating the PMP are summarized. In doing so, attention was paid to whether the current guidelines and research published literature take into consideration the effects of the variability and change of climatic processes and the underlying uncertainties.The authors would like to acknowledge the support of the Global Water Futures Program and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC Discovery Grant RGPIN-2019-06894). The fourth author acknowledges the support of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Project TETISCHANGE (RTI2018-093717-B-100). The first author appreciates the continuous support from the Scott College of Engineering of Colorado State University.Salas, JD.; Anderson, ML.; Papalexiou, SM.; Francés, F. (2020). PMP and Climate Variability and Change: A Review. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering. 25(12):1-16. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0002003S1162512Abbs, D. J. (1999). 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Floods and droughts.” In Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. in Hydrology 27–33. Fort Collins CO: Water Resources Publications.Botero, B. A., & Francés, F. (2010). Estimation of high return period flood quantiles using additional non-systematic information with upper bounded statistical models. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 14(12), 2617-2628. doi:10.5194/hess-14-2617-2010Canadian Dam Association. 2013. “Dam safety guidelines.” Accessed August 24 2020. https://www.cda.ca/EN/Publications_Pages/Dam_Safety_Publications.aspx.Casas, M. C., Rodríguez, R., Nieto, R., & Redaño, A. (2008). The Estimation of Probable Maximum Precipitation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1146(1), 291-302. doi:10.1196/annals.1446.003Casas, M. C., Rodríguez, R., Prohom, M., Gázquez, A., & Redaño, A. (2010). Estimation of the probable maximum precipitation in Barcelona (Spain). International Journal of Climatology, 31(9), 1322-1327. doi:10.1002/joc.2149Casas-Castillo, M. C., Rodríguez-Solà, R., Navarro, X., Russo, B., Lastra, A., González, P., & Redaño, A. (2016). On the consideration of scaling properties of extreme rainfall in Madrid (Spain) for developing a generalized intensity-duration-frequency equation and assessing probable maximum precipitation estimates. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 131(1-2), 573-580. doi:10.1007/s00704-016-1998-0Castellarin, A., Merz, R., & Blöschl, G. (2009). Probabilistic envelope curves for extreme rainfall events. Journal of Hydrology, 378(3-4), 263-271. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.09.030Chavan, S. R., & Srinivas, V. V. (2016). Regionalization based envelope curves for PMP estimation by Hershfield method. International Journal of Climatology, 37(10), 3767-3779. doi:10.1002/joc.4951Chen, X., & Hossain, F. (2018). Understanding Model-Based Probable Maximum Precipitation Estimation as a Function of Location and Season from Atmospheric Reanalysis. 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Journal of Hydrology, 343(3-4), 254-265. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.06.021Lee, J., Choi, J., Lee, O., Yoon, J., & Kim, S. (2017). Estimation of Probable Maximum Precipitation in Korea using a Regional Climate Model. Water, 9(4), 240. doi:10.3390/w9040240Lenderink, G., & Attema, J. (2015). A simple scaling approach to produce climate scenarios of local precipitation extremes for the Netherlands. Environmental Research Letters, 10(8), 085001. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/10/8/085001Lepore, C., Veneziano, D., & Molini, A. (2015). Temperature and CAPE dependence of rainfall extremes in the eastern United States. Geophysical Research Letters, 42(1), 74-83. doi:10.1002/2014gl062247López, J., & Francés, F. (2013). Non-stationary flood frequency analysis in continental Spanish rivers, using climate and reservoir indices as external covariates. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 17(8), 3189-3203. doi:10.5194/hess-17-3189-2013Loriaux, J. M., Lenderink, G., & Siebesma, A. P. (2016). 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(2018). Precise Temporal Disaggregation Preserving Marginals and Correlations (DiPMaC) for Stationary and Nonstationary Processes. Water Resources Research, 54(10), 7435-7458. doi:10.1029/2018wr022726III, J. P. (1975). Statistical Inference Using Extreme Order Statistics. The Annals of Statistics, 3(1). doi:10.1214/aos/1176343003Rakhecha, P. R., Deshpande, N. R., & Soman, M. K. (1992). Probable maximum precipitation for a 2-day duration over the Indian Peninsula. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 45(4), 277-283. doi:10.1007/bf00865518Rakhecha, P. R., & Soman, M. K. (1994). Estimation of probable maximum precipitation for a 2-day duration: Part 2 ? north Indian region. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 49(2), 77-84. doi:10.1007/bf00868192Rastogi, D., Kao, S., Ashfaq, M., Mei, R., Kabela, E. D., Gangrade, S., … Anantharaj, V. G. (2017). Effects of climate change on probable maximum precipitation: A sensitivity study over the Alabama‐Coosa‐Tallapoosa River Basin. 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A CD25− Positive Population of Activated B1 Cells Expresses LIFR and Responds to LIF

B1 B cells defend against infectious microorganisms by spontaneous secretion of broadly reactive “natural” immunoglobulin that appears in the absence of immunization. Among many distinguishing characteristics, B1 B cells display evidence of activation that includes phosphorylated STAT3. In order to identify the origin of pSTAT3 we examined interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) expression on B1 cells. We found that some (about 1/5) B1a cells express the IL-2R α chain, CD25. Although lacking CD122 and unresponsive to IL-2, B1a cells marked by CD25 express increased levels of activated signaling intermediates, interruption of which results in diminished CD25. Further, CD25+ B1a cells contain most of the pSTAT3 found in the B1a population as a whole. Moreover, CD25+ B1a cells express leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR), and respond to LIF by upregulating pSTAT3. Together, these results define a new subset of B1a cells that is marked by activation-dependent CD25 expression, expresses substantial amounts of activated STAT3, and contains a functional LIFR