Distinct information critically distinguishes judgments of face familiarity and identity

Accurately determining the familiarity of another and correctly establishing their identity are vital social skills. A considerable body of work has explored their perceptual and neural underpinnings and debate remains regarding whether they are dissociable, i.e., separable parts of a dual process, or different aspects of a common retrieval process. Less is known about the specific visual information that guides familiarity judgments and how this compares to the information used to identify a face by name. Here we sought to establish the critical information underlying participants’ judgments of facial familiarity and identification. We created a new standardized stimulus set comprising 6 personally familiar and 12 unfamiliar faces and applied the Bubbles reverse-correlation methodology to establish the information driving correct performance in each task. Results revealed that markedly different information underlies familiarity and identity judgments. When categorizing familiarity, participants relied more upon lower spatial-frequency, broad facial cues (eye and face shape) than when categorizing identity, which relied on fine details in the internal features (eyes and mouth). These results provide novel evidence of qualitatively distinct information use in familiarity and identification judgments and emphasize the importance of considering the task set for participants and their processing strategy when investigating face recognition

Success rates of re-excision after positive margins for invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast.

Rates of positive margins after surgical resection of invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) are high (ranging from 18 to 60%), yet the efficacy of re-excision lumpReceptor subtypeectomy for clearing positive margins is unknown. Concerns about the diffuse nature of ILC may drive increased rates of completion mastectomy to treat positive margins, thus lowering breast conservation rates. We therefore determined the success rate of re-excision lumpectomy in women with ILC and positive margins after surgical resection. We identified 314 cases of stage I-III ILC treated with breast conserving surgery (BCS) at the University of California, San Francisco. Surgical procedures, pathology reports, and outcomes were analyzed using univariate and multivariate statistics and Cox-proportional hazards models. We evaluated outcomes before and after the year 2014, when new margin management consensus guidelines were published. Positive initial margins occurred in 118 (37.6%) cases. Of these, 62 (52.5%) underwent re-excision lumpectomy, which cleared the margin in 74.2%. On multivariate analysis, node negativity was significantly associated with successful re-excision (odds ratio [OR] 3.99, 95% CI 1.15-13.81, p = 0.029). After 2014, we saw fewer initial positive margins (42.7% versus 25.5%, p = 0.009), second surgeries (54.6% versus 20.2%, p < 0.001), and completion mastectomies (27.7% versus 4.5%, p < 0.001). In this large cohort of women with ILC, re-excision lumpectomy was highly successful at clearing positive margins. Additionally, positive margins and completion mastectomy rates significantly decreased over time. These findings highlight improvements in management of ILC, and suggest that completion mastectomy may not be required for those with positive margins after initial BCS

Further study of the T phase

New data are presented in support of the conclusion that the T phase is propagated across oceans as compressional waves in the water. T phases from many circumpacific-belt shocks were recorded at the Honolulu seismograph station and at the Kaneohe and Point Sur SOFAR Stations, permitting the determination of oceanic velocity by simple division of epicentral distance by travel time since correction for land travel was unnecessary. The signals were much sharper and less prolonged than those previously studied. Very little scatter in the velocity was observed. Divergent views on the nature of T reported by other investigators are due to complications in path, travel time, and land correction introduced by the relatively large proportion of land (or shallow water) paths involved in the shocks which they have studied

Effects of Activity, Alcohol, Smoking, and the Menstrual Cycle on Liquid Crystal Breast Thermography

Author Institution: Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State UniversityThis study is part of a continuing program to evaluate the efficacy and reliability of liquid-crystal thermography in breast-cancer detection. The purpose was to evaluate any possible effect(s) of daily activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, amount of sleep, and the menstrual cycle on the liquid-crystal thermographic breast-pattern. Ten apparently healthy women served as subjects and were examined by liquid-crystal thermography every day for 28 (minimum) to 45 (maximum) consecutive days for thermogram changes. The results indicate that daily activity and the menstrual cycle should not affect the reliability of liquid-crystal thermogram interpretation in breast-cancer studies. Alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking prior to liquid-crystal thermographic examination could change the normal pattern to an extent that reliable interpretation might not be possible. There appears to be a thermographic-pattern change closely associated with the probable time of ovulation

Psychometric properties of the revised teachers' attitude toward inclusion scale

This paper presents the psychometric properties of a questionnaire measure that updates and extends Larrivee and Cook's (1979) Opinions Relative to Mainstreaming Scale in terms of structure, terminology, and language. The revised scale was tested using a sample of 106 teachers based in inclusive mainstream schools. Using Principal Component Analysis, a four-factor structure was found for the “attitudes toward inclusion” section of the revised scale: (a) problems of inclusion of special educational needs (SEN) children in mainstream classes; (b) social benefits for all of the inclusion of SEN pupils in mainstream classes; (c) implications of inclusion for teaching practice; and (d) implications for addressing the needs of children with SEN. Moderate to good reliability was found for these components (Cronbach's α: .76–.86). In conclusion, the updated and revised Teachers' Attitude to Inclusion Scale (TAIS) shows promise of being a reliable and valid measure for both research and applied purposes

Age Effects on Lactic- and Malic-Acid Dehydrogenases in C57BL/6 Mouse Testes

Author Institution: Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44240There is evidence that lactic-acid-dehydrogenase (LDH) and malic-acid-dehydrogenase (MDH) activities vary with age in several mammalian organs. This study shows that both enzymes in the testes of the C57BL/6 mouse exhibit age-related changes. These changes are most evident when the LDH/MDH ratio is considered. The LDH/MDH ratio decreases to two days before onset of spermatogenesis, remains unchanged to one day before weaning, increases to four or five days prior to breeding activity, and oscillates through the remainder of the 365 days studied. Although these are in vitro results, activity changes occur coincident with physiological changes in the testes

A meta-analysis of transdiagnostic cognitive behavioural therapy in the treatment of child and young person anxiety disorders

Background: Previous meta-analyses of cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) for children and young people with anxiety disorders have not considered the efficacy of transdiagnostic CBT for the remission of childhood anxiety. Aim: To provide a meta-analysis on the efficacy of transdiagnostic CBT for children and young people with anxiety disorders. Methods: The analysis included randomized controlled trials using transdiagnostic CBT for children and young people formally diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. An electronic search was conducted using the following databases: ASSIA, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Current Controlled Trials, Medline, PsycArticles, PsychInfo, and Web of Knowledge. The search terms included “anxiety disorder(s)”, “anxi∗”, “cognitive behavio∗, “CBT”, “child∗”, “children”, “paediatric”, “adolescent(s)”, “adolescence”, “youth” and “young pe∗”. The studies identified from this search were screened against the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and 20 studies were identified as appropriate for inclusion in the current meta-analysis. Pre- and posttreatment (or control period) data were used for analysis. Results: Findings indicated significantly greater odds of anxiety remission from pre- to posttreatment for those engaged in the transdiagnostic CBT intervention compared with those in the control group, with children in the treatment condition 9.15 times more likely to recover from their anxiety diagnosis than children in the control group. Risk of bias was not correlated with study effect sizes. Conclusions: Transdiagnostic CBT seems effective in reducing symptoms of anxiety in children and young people. Further research is required to investigate the efficacy of CBT for children under the age of 6

Pyrolytic graphite gauge for measuring heat flux

A gauge for measuring heat flux, especially heat flux encountered in a high temperature environment, is provided. The gauge includes at least one thermocouple and an anisotropic pyrolytic graphite body that covers at least part of, and optionally encases the thermocouple. Heat flux is incident on the anisotropic pyrolytic graphite body by arranging the gauge so that the gauge surface on which convective and radiative fluxes are incident is perpendicular to the basal planes of the pyrolytic graphite. The conductivity of the pyrolytic graphite permits energy, transferred into the pyrolytic graphite body in the form of heat flux on the incident (or facing) surface, to be quickly distributed through the entire pyrolytic graphite body, resulting in small substantially instantaneous temperature gradients. Temperature changes to the body can thereby be measured by the thermocouple, and reduced to quantify the heat flux incident to the body

Nano-porosity in GaSb induced by swift heavy ion irradiation

Nano-porous structures form in GaSb after ion irradiation with 185 MeV Au ions. The porous layer formation is governed by the dominant electronic energy loss at this energy regime. The porous layer morphology differs significantly from that previously reported for low-energy, ion-irradiated GaSb. Prior to the onset of porosity, positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy indicates the formation of small vacancy clusters in single ion impacts, while transmission electron microscopy reveals fragmentation of the GaSb into nanocrystallites embedded in an amorphous matrix. Following this fragmentation process, macroscopic porosity forms, presumably within the amorphous phase.The authors thank the Australian Research Council for support and the staff at the ANU Heavy Ion Accelerator Facility for their continued technical assistance. R.C.E. acknowledges the support from the Office of Basic Energy Sciences of the U.S. DOE (Grant No. DE-FG02-97ER45656)