The diel variation of the surf zone hyperbenthos at an Ecuadorian sandy beach: an exploratory study

The diel patterns of the hyperbenthic species composition in the surf zone of an Ecuadorian sandy beach were investigated over a 24-hour cycle in February 2000. The total density of the hyperbenthos varied between 130 and 3000 ind.100 m-2. 169 functional morphospecies were found, of which only 26 could be identified to species level because of the poor availability of species descriptions for the region. Crustacea (mainly Brachyura, Anomura, Penaeid larvae) and Pisces (larvae and eggs) were the most dominant phyla. A higher density and diversity was encountered during the night and this was caused by migration of species into the surf zone. Among them there were shrimp larvae, fish eggs, fish larvae and megalopa of Brachyura. Three communities could be established using classification and ordination techniques: a day - high water, a day - low water and a night group. The diurnal effects showed to be stronger than the tidal effects. The chlorophyll a content was the most important factor explaining the diel variation in the Canonical Correspondence Analysis. Usually, at spring tide high water, the surf zone of the selected beach is intensively used by artisan fishermen for the collection of larval penaeid shrimp (used as a source for the local aquaculture industry). The sampling campaign coincided with exceptionally cold and dry climate conditions (La Niña phenomenon - February 2000). This study might therefore not be completely representative. However, it was possible to state that the artisan postlarval shrimp fisheries in the surf zone of the sampling area probably have a greater negative impact on the local and off-shore ecosystem when performed at night time high water instead of during daytime high water

Mangroves as nature-based mitigation for ENSO-driven compound flood risks in a large river delta

Densely populated coastal river deltas are very vulnerable to compound flood risks coming from both oceanic and riverine sources. Climate change may increase these compound flood risks due to sea level rise and intensifying precipitation events. Here, we investigate to what extent nature-based flood defence strategies, through the conservation of mangroves in a tropical river delta, can contribute to mitigate the oceanic and riverine components of compound flood risks. While current knowledge of estuarine compound flood risks is mostly focussed on short-term events such as storm surges (taking 1 or a few days), longer-term events, such as El Niño events (continuing for several weeks to months) along the Pacific coast of Latin America, are less studied. Here, we present a hydrodynamic modelling study of a large river delta in Ecuador aiming to elucidate the compound effects of El Niño-driven oceanic and riverine forcing on extreme high water level propagation through the delta and, in particular, the role of mangroves in reducing the compound high water levels. Our results show that the deltaic high water level anomalies are predominantly driven by the oceanic forcing but that the riverine forcing causes the anomalies to amplify upstream. Furthermore, mangroves in the delta attenuate part of the oceanic contribution to the high water level anomalies, with the attenuating effect increasing in the landward direction, while mangroves have a negligible effect on the riverine component. These findings show that mangrove conservation and restoration programmes can contribute to nature-based mitigation, especially the oceanic component of compound flood risks in a tropical river delta.</p

Clinical features and outcomes of elderly hospitalised patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure or both

Background and objective: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and heart failure (HF) mutually increase the risk of being present in the same patient, especially if older. Whether or not this coexistence may be associated with a worse prognosis is debated. Therefore, employing data derived from the REPOSI register, we evaluated the clinical features and outcomes in a population of elderly patients admitted to internal medicine wards and having COPD, HF or COPD + HF. Methods: We measured socio-demographic and anthropometric characteristics, severity and prevalence of comorbidities, clinical and laboratory features during hospitalization, mood disorders, functional independence, drug prescriptions and discharge destination. The primary study outcome was the risk of death. Results: We considered 2,343 elderly hospitalized patients (median age 81&nbsp;years), of whom 1,154 (49%) had COPD, 813 (35%) HF, and 376 (16%) COPD + HF. Patients with COPD + HF had different characteristics than those with COPD or HF, such as a higher prevalence of previous hospitalizations, comorbidities (especially chronic kidney disease), higher respiratory rate at admission and number of prescribed drugs. Patients with COPD + HF (hazard ratio HR 1.74, 95% confidence intervals CI 1.16-2.61) and patients with dementia (HR 1.75, 95% CI 1.06-2.90) had a higher risk of death at one year. The Kaplan-Meier curves showed a higher mortality risk in the group of patients with COPD + HF for all causes (p = 0.010), respiratory causes (p = 0.006), cardiovascular causes (p = 0.046) and respiratory plus cardiovascular causes (p = 0.009). Conclusion: In this real-life cohort of hospitalized elderly patients, the coexistence of COPD and HF significantly worsened prognosis at one year. This finding may help to better define the care needs of this population

Application of classification trees to determine biological and chemical indicators for river assessment: case study in the Chaguana watershed (Ecuador)

Benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled in the Chaguana river basin in SW Ecuador in March (wet season) and September (dry season) of 2005 and 2006. Aquatic insects dominated the macrobenthos, with Trichoptera, Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Hemiptera and Odonata being the orders with the highest diversity and Ephemeroptera and Diptera being most abundant. No systematic differences in richness and abundance were observed between dry and wet seasons, which is in agreement with the literature. It is concluded that, in the neotropics, macroinvertebrates can probably be sampled for water quality assessments during the whole year: however, sampling soon after spates should be avoided. Using multivariate analysis, stations could be clustered into three groups based on their macroinvertebrate community composition: sites with low, intermediate and high human impact. Classification trees indicated that stations with low human impact had low conductivities, while stations with high conductivities were characterised as highly impacted if the dissolved oxygen concentration was low and intermediately impacted if the dissolved oxygen concentration was high. Classification trees also indicated that Leptophlebiidae (Ephemeroptera) were characteristic for sites with low impact; in sites with intermediate impact, this family was absent but Hydropsychidae (Trichoptera) were present; when both families were absent, impact was high

Comparison of the Abiotic Preferences of Macroinvertebrates in Tropical River Basins

We assessed and compared abiotic preferences of aquatic macroinvertebrates in three river basins located in Ecuador, Ethiopia and Vietnam. Upon using logistic regression models we analyzed the relationship between the probability of occurrence of five macroinvertebrate families, ranging from pollution tolerant to pollution sensitive, (Chironomidae, Baetidae, Hydroptilidae, Libellulidae and Leptophlebiidae) and physical-chemical water quality conditions. Within the investigated physical-chemical ranges, nine out of twenty-five interaction effects were significant. Our analyses suggested river basin dependent associations between the macroinvertebrate families and the corresponding physical-chemical conditions. It was found that pollution tolerant families showed no clear abiotic preference and occurred at most sampling locations, i.e. Chironomidae were present in 91%, 84% and 93% of the samples taken in Ecuador, Ethiopia and Vietnam. Pollution sensitive families were strongly associated with dissolved oxygen and stream velocity, e.g. Leptophlebiidae were only present in 48%, 2% and 18% of the samples in Ecuador, Ethiopia and Vietnam. Despite some limitations in the study design, we concluded that associations between macroinvertebrates and abiotic conditions can be river basin-specific and hence are not automatically transferable across river basins in the tropics

Spatial patterns of the surf zone hyperbenthic fauna of Valdivia Bay (Ecuador)

The present research is a first attempt to study the hyperbenthic fauna of the surf zone of Valdivia Bay (South East Pacific - Ecuador), an exposed low tide terrace - rip beach. The aims of the study were to contribute to the inventory of the surf zone fauna of the tropical southeast Pacific coast, to investigate spatial distribution patterns along the bay and to search for possible tidal effects on the hyperbenthic composition. Samples were taken during daylight with a hyperbenthic sledge on 6 consecutive days in August 1999 at high tide, low tide and mid tide. The hyperbenthic community was characterized by quantifying the higher taxa, their density and the relative composition of the dominant groups. No tidal effect could be observed, but two main geographically distinct hyperbenthic assemblages were distinguished along the bay, related to hydrodynamic factors (local current velocity, intertidal beach slope and suspended particulate matter). In the turbulent northern part of the bay the highest densities were encountered and hyperbenthos was, next to the dominant mysid Metamysidopsis sp., mainly composed of planktonic organisms (calanoid copepods, chaetognaths and fish eggs). In the calmer southern part of the bay Metamysidopsis sp. dominated as well, but the community was completed with other mysid species, and early life stages of Brachyura and fish. Most striking was the general dominance of the mysid Metamysidopsis sp. in all the samples (97%, max. density of 62000 ind. 100 m-2) and the high amount of unknown species. Penaeid shrimp larvae, important for the local shrimp industry, were only found in very low densities during the sampling period (˜1%). Compared to other studies on the whole surf zone hyperbenthic community of sandy beaches, the average densities encountered in Valdivia Bay can be considered to be relatively high (2500-6000 ind. 100 m-2). Although limited in time and performed with a limited taxonomic resolution, the results indicate a high contribution of early life stages of invertebrate and fish species to the biodiversity of the intertidal hyperbenthic community in comparison with temperate regions

Validation of satellite estimates (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission, TRMM) for rainfall variability over the Pacific slope and coast of Ecuador

A dense rain-gauge network within continental Ecuador was used to evaluate the quality of various products of rainfall data over the Pacific slope and coast of Ecuador (EPSC). A cokriging interpolation method is applied to the rain-gauge data yielding a gridded product at 5-km resolution covering the period 1965-2015. This product is compared with the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) dataset, the Climatic Research Unit-University of East Anglia (CRU) dataset, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM/TMPA 3B43 Version 7) dataset and the ERA-Interim Reanalysis. The analysis reveals that TRMM data show the most realistic features. The relative bias index (Rbias) indicates that TRMM data is closer to the observations, mainly over lowlands (mean Rbias of 7%) but have more limitations in reproducing the rainfall variability over the Andes (mean Rbias of -28%). The average RMSE and Rbias of 68.7 and -2.8% of TRMM are comparable with the GPCC (69.8 and 5.7%) and CRU (102.3 and -2.3%) products. This study also focuses on the rainfall inter-annual variability over the study region which experiences floods that have caused high economic losses during extreme El Nino events. Finally, our analysis evaluates the ability of TRMM data to reproduce rainfall events during El Nino years over the study area and the large basins of Esmeraldas and Guayas rivers. The results show that TRMM estimates report reasonable levels of heavy rainfall detection (for the extreme 1998 El Nino event) over the EPSC and specifically towards the center-south of the EPSC (Guayas basin) but present underestimations for the moderate El Nino of 2002-2003 event and the weak 2009-2010 event. Generally, the rainfall seasonal features, quantity and long-term climatology patterns are relatively well estimated by TRMM

Validation of satellite estimates (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission, TRMM) for rainfall variability over the Pacific slope and coast of Ecuador

A dense rain-gauge network within continental Ecuador was used to evaluate the quality of various products of rainfall data over the Pacific slope and coast of Ecuador (EPSC). A cokriging interpolation method is applied to the rain-gauge data yielding a gridded product at 5-km resolution covering the period 1965-2015. This product is compared with the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) dataset, the Climatic Research Unit-University of East Anglia (CRU) dataset, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM/TMPA 3B43 Version 7) dataset and the ERA-Interim Reanalysis. The analysis reveals that TRMM data show the most realistic features. The relative bias index (Rbias) indicates that TRMM data is closer to the observations, mainly over lowlands (mean Rbias of 7%) but have more limitations in reproducing the rainfall variability over the Andes (mean Rbias of -28%). The average RMSE and Rbias of 68.7 and -2.8% of TRMM are comparable with the GPCC (69.8 and 5.7%) and CRU (102.3 and -2.3%) products. This study also focuses on the rainfall inter-annual variability over the study region which experiences floods that have caused high economic losses during extreme El Nino events. Finally, our analysis evaluates the ability of TRMM data to reproduce rainfall events during El Nino years over the study area and the large basins of Esmeraldas and Guayas rivers. The results show that TRMM estimates report reasonable levels of heavy rainfall detection (for the extreme 1998 El Nino event) over the EPSC and specifically towards the center-south of the EPSC (Guayas basin) but present underestimations for the moderate El Nino of 2002-2003 event and the weak 2009-2010 event. Generally, the rainfall seasonal features, quantity and long-term climatology patterns are relatively well estimated by TRMM

Loss of a freshwater copepod species from El Junco Lake, Galápagos following the introduction and eradication of the Nile tilapia

An undescribed diaptomid copepod probably belonging to a new Mastigodiaptomus species has been discovered and was very abundant in El Junco Lake (San Cristóbal Island, Ecuador) from 1966 until 2004. The species was not found in samples from 2007, 2008 or 2018. The loss of this key species from the lake coincides with the illegal introduction of Nile tilapia to El Junco Lake in 2005 and its subsequent eradication in 2008. The disappearance of this biogeographically and ecologically important copepod population may be explained by direct mechanisms of predation and competition, by a combination of both processes, and by indirect mechanisms linked to alterations in the lake ecosystem. The effects of fish eradication using rotenone may have contributed to the loss of the diaptomid population and to preventing its recovery. This article discusses the search for sources of propagules for recolonization and possible reintroduction scenarios and procedures