Sistema para el control de temperatura de una incubadora de huevos de gallina

A closed-loop PID controller tuning method is presented, as well as a control mechanism that functions as an egg incubator controller to control the temperature. The method’s performance is compared using digital simulation tests, and the PID controller gains are determined based on the system requirements. Finally, recommendations for using the tested method as well as arguments for why we reject other methods are provided.Se presenta un método de sintonización de controladores PID de lazo cerrado, un mecanismo de control que opera como regulador de una incubadora de huevos, el cual controla la temperatura. Mediante pruebas de simulación digital se compara el desempeño del método y se determinará las ganancias del controlador PID según los requerimientos del sistema. Finalmente, se ofrecen recomendaciones sobre la utilización del método probado y los argumentos por los cuales descartamos otros métodos

Capacidade gerencial e habilidade política dos empresários de transporte por ônibus de Belo Horizonte: mito ou realidade?

O sistema de transporte por ônibus em Belo Horizonte, comparado ao de outras capitais brasileiras, apresenta algumas particularidades, como seu elevado número de empresas e o predomínio de empresas de médio porte. Este artigo discute o processo de evolução das empresas de Belo Horizonte, destacando questões como a diferença em relação ao padrão nacional de concentração, o desenvolvimento da capacidade gerencial e da habilidade política dos transportadores mineiros, e o papel do órgão gestor nesses processos. Optou-se pelo enfoque político das organizações, privilegiando-se as relações de trabalho e de poder entre os diversos atores do sistema. Pôde-se concluir que os empresários belo-horizontinos destacam-se como articuladores na criação e no desenvolvimento de suas empresas, como pioneiros na diversificação e expansão geográfica de seus negócios e como lideranças políticas e empresariais nacionais. A partir de um processo de profissionalização e expansão no setor em Belo Horizonte, ocorreu a articulação da classe, inicialmente para fazer frente ao poder público local, expandindo-se nacionalmente. Esse processo permitiu a alavancagem e a padronização da gestão empresarial

Rice Molecular Breeding Laboratories in the Genomics Era: Current Status and Future Considerations

Using DNA markers in plant breeding with marker-assisted selection (MAS) could greatly improve the precision and efficiency of selection, leading to the accelerated development of new crop varieties. The numerous examples of MAS in rice have prompted many breeding institutes to establish molecular breeding labs. The last decade has produced an enormous amount of genomics research in rice, including the identification of thousands of QTLs for agronomically important traits, the generation of large amounts of gene expression data, and cloning and characterization of new genes, including the detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms. The pinnacle of genomics research has been the completion and annotation of genome sequences for indica and japonica rice. This information—coupled with the development of new genotyping methodologies and platforms, and the development of bioinformatics databases and software tools—provides even more exciting opportunities for rice molecular breeding in the 21st century. However, the great challenge for molecular breeders is to apply genomics data in actual breeding programs. Here, we review the current status of MAS in rice, current genomics projects and promising new genotyping methodologies, and evaluate the probable impact of genomics research. We also identify critical research areas to “bridge the application gap” between QTL identification and applied breeding that need to be addressed to realize the full potential of MAS, and propose ideas and guidelines for establishing rice molecular breeding labs in the postgenome sequence era to integrate molecular breeding within the context of overall rice breeding and research programs

Perfis de DPOC e características tratáveis utilizando recursos mínimos: Identificação, árvore de decisão e estabilidade longitudinal

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is highly heterogeneous and complex. Hence, personalising assessments and treatments to this population across different settings and available resources imposes challenges and debate. Research efforts have been made to identify clinical phenotypes or profiles for prognostic and therapeutic purposes. Nevertheless, such profiles often do not describe treatable traits, focus on complex physiological/pulmonary measures which are frequently not available across settings, lack validation and/or their stability over time is unknown. Objective: To identify profiles and their treatable traits based on simple and meaningful measures; to develop and validate a profile decision tree; and to explore profiles’ stability over time in people with COPD. Methods: An observational, prospective study was conducted with people with COPD. Clinical characteristics, lung function, symptoms, impact of the disease (COPD assessment test–CAT), health-related quality of life, physical activity, lower-limb muscle strength and functional status were collected cross-sectionally and a subsample was followed-up monthly over six months. A principal component analysis and a clustering procedure with k-medoids were applied to identify profiles. Pulmonary and extrapulmonary (i.e., physical, symptoms and health status, and behavioural/life-style risk factors) treatable traits were identified in each profile based on the established cut-offs for each measure available in the literature. The decision tree was developed with 70% and validated with 30% of the sample, cross-sectionally. Agreement between the profile predicted by the decision tree and the profile defined by the clustering procedure was determined using Cohen’s Kappa. Stability was explored over time with a stability score defined as the percentage ratio between the number of timepoints that a participant was classified in the same profile (most frequent profile for that participant) and the total number of timepoints (i.e., 6). Results: 352 people with COPD (67.4±9.9 years; 78.1% male; FEV1=56.2±20.6% predicted) participated and 90 (67.6±8.9 years; 85.6% male; FEV1=52.1±19.9% predicted) were followed-up. Four profiles were identified with distinct treatable traits. The decision tree was composed by the CAT, age and FEV1% predicted and had an agreement of 71.7% (Cohen’s Kappa=0.62, p<0.001) with the actual profiles. 48.9% of participants remained in the same profile whilst 51.1% moved between two (47.8%) and three (3.3%) profiles over time. The overall stability of profiles was 86.8±15%. Conclusion: Profiles and treatable traits can be identified in people with COPD with simple and meaningful measures possibly available even in minimal-resource settings. Regular assessments are recommended as people with COPD may change profile over time and hence their needs of personalised treatment.N/

Early impact of abdominal compartment syndrome on liver, kidney and lung damage in a rodent model

Background: Abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) sometimes occurs in critically ill patients following damage control surgery. The purpose of the present study was to develop a model of ACS and to evaluate its pathologic impact on liver, kidney, and lung morphology. Methods: Twenty Wistar rats (mass 300\u2013350 g) were randomly divided into four groups: 1) intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH): a laparotomy was performed and the abdomen packed with cotton until an intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) of 15 mm Hg was reached; 2) hypovolemia (HYPO): blood was withdrawn until a mean arterial pressure ~60 mm Hg was reached; 3) IAH + HYPO (to resemble clinical ACS); and 4) sham surgery. After 3 hours of protective mechanical ventilation, the animals were euthanized and the liver, kidney and lungs removed to examine the degree of tissue damage. Results: IAH resulted in the following: oedema and neutrophil infiltration in the kidney; necrosis, congestion, and microsteatosis in the liver; and alveolar collapse, haemorrhage, interstitial oedema, and neutrophil infiltration in the lungs. Furthermore, IAH was associated with greater cell apoptosis in the kidney, liver and lungs compared to sham surgery. HYPO led to oedema and neutrophil infiltration in the kidney. The combination of IAH and HYPO resulted in all the aforementioned changes in lung, kidney and liver tissue, as well as exacerbation of the inflammatory process in the kidney and liver and kidney cell necrosis and apoptosis. Conclusions: Intra-abdominal hypertension by itself is associated with kidney, liver and lung damage; when combined with hypovolemia, it leads to further impairment and organ damage

Neuromuscular and acute symptoms responses to progressive elastic resistance exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease:Cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND: Quadriceps muscle training is a key part in the rehabilitation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. However, exercise intensity prescription and progression with the typically used elastic bands is challenging. We aimed to evaluate neuromuscular, acute symptoms and cardiorespiratory responses (heart rate and dyspnea) during progressive elastic resistance exercise in patients with COPD. METHODS: Fourteen patients diagnosed with moderate-very severe COPD performed knee extensions at different elastic resistance levels (i.e., colors). The neuromuscular activity was recorded using surface electromyography for the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis and vastus medialis, together with rate of perceived exertion, perceived quadriceps fatigue, dyspnea, oxygen saturation and heart rate. RESULTS: For the vastus lateralis and rectus femoris, increase of muscle activity was evident from a two-level increment when using the red color. For the vastus medialis, there were no muscle activity progressions. Dyspnea, quadriceps fatigue and especially rate of perceived exertion increased in a dose-response fashion and were correlated with the resistance level and muscle activity at the three muscles. CONCLUSION: Heavy elastic resistance exercise is feasible in COPD patients without excessive dyspnea and a stable cardiorespiratory response. In general, at least two elastic resistance increments are needed to enhance muscle activity for the vastus lateralis and rectus femoris, while there is no increase for the vastus medialis. These results may help to individualize exercise dosing during elastic resistance training in patients with COPD

Síndrome de burnout en médicos asistentes del Hospital Nacional Hipólito Unanue de Lima – Perú, 2018.

Objectives: To identify the prevalence and factors associated with the Burnout Syndrome (BOS) in physicians of the Hipólito Unanue National Hospital in Lima-Peru, during 2018.&nbsp;Material and methods: Observational, transversal and analytical study. The initial study population was constituted by 252 doctors. A sample was selected by the stratified random sampling technique. Different socio-demographic and labor variables were recorded through an anonymous survey. For the diagnosis of BOS, the Maslach Burnout Inventory was used. The variables associated were determined by means of a logistic regression model. A value of p &lt;0.05 was considered significant.&nbsp;Results:&nbsp;Out of 150 doctors surveyed, 23 (15.3%) showed results compatible with BOS. Sixty-five (43.3%) of the respondents reached a high level of emotional exhaustion, 69 (46%) a high level of depersonalization, and 61 (41.7%) a low level of personal accomplishment (p &lt;0.05). The variables associated with the BOS were male sex (OR = 6.12; 95% CI: 1.43-26.13, p = 0.01) while having an additional job (OR = 0.15; 95% CI: 0.04 - 0.49, p = 0.002), could be considered a protective factor. Conclusions: A low prevalence of BOS was found among the physicians surveyed, although a significant group of them reported high levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization with low levels of personal accomplishment. Male sex was associated with BOS, while having an additional job showed a possible protective effect.Objetivos: Identificar la prevalencia y los factores asociados con el Síndrome de Burnout (SBO) en médicos asistentes del Hospital Nacional Hipólito Unanue de Lima-Perú, en el año 2018. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, transversal y analítico. La población inicial estuvo constituída por 252 médicos. Se seleccionó una muestra con la técnica del muestreo aleatorio estratificado. Se registraron diferentes variables sociodemográficas y laborales por medio de una encuesta anónima. Para el diagnóstico de SBO se empleó el Maslach Burnout Inventory. Se determinaron las variables asociadas con el SBO mediante un modelo de regresión logística. Se consideró un valor de p &lt; 0,05 como significativo. Resultados: De 150 médicos encuestados, 23 (15,3%) mostraron resultados compatibles con SBO. Sesenticinco (43,3%) de los encuestados tuvieron un nivel alto de cansancio emocional, 69 (46%) un nivel alto de despersonalización y 61 (41,7%) un nivel bajo de realización personal (p &lt; 0,05). Las variables asociadas con el SBO fueron sexo masculino (OR = 6,12; IC95 %, 1,43 – 26,13, p = 0,01) como factor de riesgo y tener un trabajo adicional (OR = 0,15; IC95 %: 0,04 – 0,49, p = 0,002), mostró ser un posible factor de proteccción. Conclusiones: Se encontró una baja prevalencia de SBO entre médicos asistentes, aunque un subgrupo significativo mostró altos niveles de cansancio emocional y despersonalización con bajos niveles de realización personal. El sexo masculino se asoció al SBO, en tanto que tener un trabajo adicional, a un efecto protector

Water safety : water potability of hospital in Minas Gerais, Brazil.

A Portaria 2.914/11 do Minist?rio da Sa?de do Brasil disp?e dos procedimentos e par?metros de controle e vigil?ncia da qualidade de ?gua para consumo humano e potabilidade. Neste sentido, faz-se necess?rio o monitoramento da qualidade das ?guas de unidades de atendimento hospitalar, devido ?s caracter?sticas de fragilidade de seus usu?rios. O presente trabalho visou analisar a qualidade da ?gua de abastecimento de um hospital geral de porte m?dio da regi?o central do estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Para isso, foram realizadas campanhas de coleta entre os meses de setembro de 2014 e novembro de 2016, em pontos amostrais variados, conforme determina??o da vigil?ncia sanit?ria. Os par?metros analisados foram Cloreto, Cloro Residual, Condutividade, Dureza Total, Nitrog?nio de Nitrito e de Nitrato, pH, Turbidez, Coliformes Totais, Coliformes Termotolerantes, Escherichia coli e contagem de Bact?rias Heterotr?ficas. Os resultados das amostras analisadas mostraram-se dentro dos limites estabelecidos pela portaria em rela??o aos par?metros f?sico- qu?micos, com exce??o de cloro residual e condutividade, que apresentaram respectivamente 32,5% e 10,1% das amostras fora dos padr?es. Observou-se a ocorr?ncia de Coliformes Termotolerantes em novembro de 2015, o qual foi rapidamente contornado pela adi??o de cloro nos reservat?rios. Percebe-se, desta forma, a import?ncia e pertin?ncia da continuidade do programa de monitoramento da ?gua de abastecimento do referido hospital.The Decree 2,914/11 of the Ministry of Health of Brazil has the procedures and parameters of control and surveillance of water quality for human consumption and potability. In this Ordinance all the procedures and parameters of control and monitoring of drinking water are described. In this sense, it is necessary to monitor the quality of the water in hospital care units, due to the fragility characteristics of its users. The present study aimed to analyse the quality of the water supply of a medium-sized general hospital in the central region of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. In order to do that, collection campaigns were carried out between September 2014 and November 2016, at various sampling points, as determined by the sanitary surveillance. The analyzed parameters were Chloride, Residual Chlorine, Conductivity, Total Hardness, Nitrogen of Nitrite and Nitrate, pH, Turbidity, Total Coliforms, Thermotolerant Coliforms, Escherichia coli and Heterotrophic Bacterial count. The results of the analyzed samples were within the parameters established by the ordinance regarding to the physical-chemical parameters, except for residual chlorine and conductivity, which presented 32.5% and 10.1% respectively, of samples out of the established. It was observed the occurrence of thermotolerant coliforms in November 2015, which was quickly overcome by the addition of chlorine in the reservoirs. According to the results was noticed the importance of the continuity of the water supply monitoring program of the cited hospital