58 research outputs found
Lifshitz critical point in the cuprate superconductor YBa2Cu3Oy from high-field Hall effect measurements
The Hall coefficient R_H of the cuprate superconductor YBa2Cu3Oy was measured
in magnetic fields up to 60 T for a hole concentration p from 0.078 to 0.152,
in the underdoped regime. In fields large enough to suppress superconductivity,
R_H(T) is seen to go from positive at high temperature to negative at low
temperature, for p > 0.08. This change of sign is attributed to the emergence
of an electron pocket in the Fermi surface at low temperature. At p < 0.08, the
normal-state R_H(T) remains positive at all temperatures, increasing
monotonically as T \to 0. We attribute the change of behaviour across p = 0.08
to a Lifshitz transition, namely a change in Fermi-surface topology occurring
at a critical concentration p_L = 0.08, where the electron pocket vanishes. The
loss of the high-mobility electron pocket across p_L coincides with a ten-fold
drop in the conductivity at low temperature, revealed in measurements of the
electrical resistivity at high fields, showing that the so-called
metal-insulator crossover of cuprates is in fact driven by a Lifshitz
transition. It also coincides with a jump in the in-plane anisotropy of ,
showing that without its electron pocket the Fermi surface must have strong
two-fold in-plane anisotropy. These findings are consistent with a
Fermi-surface reconstruction caused by a unidirectional spin-density wave or
stripe order.Comment: 16 pages, 13 figures, see associated Viewpoint: M. Vojta, Physics 4,
12 (2011
Broken rotational symmetry in the pseudogap phase of a high-Tc superconductor
The nature of the pseudogap phase is a central problem in the quest to
understand high-Tc cuprate superconductors. A fundamental question is what
symmetries are broken when that phase sets in below a temperature T*. There is
evidence from both polarized neutron diffraction and polar Kerr effect
measurements that time- reversal symmetry is broken, but at temperatures that
differ significantly. Broken rotational symmetry was detected by both
resistivity and inelastic neutron scattering at low doping and by scanning
tunnelling spectroscopy at low temperature, but with no clear connection to T*.
Here we report the observation of a large in-plane anisotropy of the Nernst
effect in YBa2Cu3Oy that sets in precisely at T*, throughout the doping phase
diagram. We show that the CuO chains of the orthorhombic lattice are not
responsible for this anisotropy, which is therefore an intrinsic property of
the CuO2 planes. We conclude that the pseudogap phase is an electronic state
which strongly breaks four-fold rotational symmetry. This narrows the range of
possible states considerably, pointing to stripe or nematic orders.Comment: Published version. Journal reference and DOI adde
Zooming on the Quantum Critical Point in Nd-LSCO
Recent studies of the high-Tc superconductor La_(1.6-x)Nd_(0.4)Sr_(x)CuO_(4)
(Nd-LSCO) have found a linear-T in-plane resistivity rho_(ab) and a logarithmic
temperature dependence of the thermopower S / T at a hole doping p = 0.24, and
a Fermi-surface reconstruction just below p = 0.24 [1, 2]. These are typical
signatures of a quantum critical point (QCP). Here we report data on the c-axis
resistivity rho_(c)(T) of Nd-LSCO measured as a function of temperature near
this QCP, in a magnetic field large enough to entirely suppress
superconductivity. Like rho_(ab), rho_(c) shows an upturn at low temperature, a
signature of Fermi surface reconstruction caused by stripe order. Tracking the
height of the upturn as it decreases with doping enables us to pin down the
precise location of the QCP where stripe order ends, at p* = 0.235 +- 0.005. We
propose that the temperature T_(rho) below which the upturn begins marks the
onset of the pseudogap phase, found to be roughly twice as high as the stripe
ordering temperature in this material.Comment: Submitted for the Proceedings of the M2S-IX Conference (Tokyo,
September 2009
Nernst effect of iron pnictide and cuprate superconductors: signatures of spin density wave and stripe order
The Nernst effect has recently proven a sensitive probe for detecting unusual
normal state properties of unconventional superconductors. In particular, it
may sensitively detect Fermi surface reconstructions which are connected to a
charge or spin density wave (SDW) ordered state, and even fluctuating forms of
such a state. Here we summarize recent results for the Nernst effect of the
iron pnictide superconductor , whose ground state evolves
upon doping from an itinerant SDW to a superconducting state, and the cuprate
superconductor which exhibits static stripe
order as a ground state competing with the superconductivity. In , the SDW order leads to a huge Nernst response, which allows
to detect even fluctuating SDW precursors at superconducting doping levels
where long range SDW order is suppressed. This is in contrast to the impact of
stripe order on the normal state Nernst effect in . Here, though signatures of the stripe order are
detectable in the temperature dependence of the Nernst coefficient, its overall
temperature dependence is very similar to that of ,
where stripe order is absent. The anomalies which are induced by the stripe
order are very subtle and the enhancement of the Nernst response due to static
stripe order in as compared to that of the
pseudogap phase in , if any, is very small.Comment: To appear in: 'Properties and applications of thermoelectric
materials - II', V. Zlatic and A. Hewson, editors, Proceedings of NATO
Advanced Research Workshop, Hvar, Croatia, September 19 -25, 2011, NATO
Science for Peace and Security Series B: Physics and Biophysics, (Springer
Science+Business Media B.V. 2012
Linear-T resistivity and change in Fermi surface at the pseudogap critical point of a high-Tc superconductor
A fundamental question of high-temperature superconductors is the nature of
the pseudogap phase which lies between the Mott insulator at zero doping and
the Fermi liquid at high doping p. Here we report on the behaviour of charge
carriers near the zero-temperature onset of that phase, namely at the critical
doping p* where the pseudogap temperature T* goes to zero, accessed by
investigating a material in which superconductivity can be fully suppressed by
a steady magnetic field. Just below p*, the normal-state resistivity and Hall
coefficient of La1.6-xNd0.4SrxCuO4 are found to rise simultaneously as the
temperature drops below T*, revealing a change in the Fermi surface with a
large associated drop in conductivity. At p*, the resistivity shows a linear
temperature dependence as T goes to zero, a typical signature of a quantum
critical point. These findings impose new constraints on the mechanisms
responsible for inelastic scattering and Fermi surface transformation in
theories of the pseudogap phase.Comment: 24 pages, 6 figures. Published in Nature Physics. Online at
http://www.nature.com/nphys/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nphys1109.htm
Pediatric Procedural Pain
Reviews the various settings in which infants, children, and adolescents experience pain during acute medical procedures, and issues related to referral of children to pain management teams. In addition, self-report, reports by others, physiological monitoring, and direct observation methods of assessment of pain and related constructs are discussed and recommendations provided. Pharmacological, other medical approaches, and empirically supported cognitive behavioral interventions are reviewed. Salient features of the interventions are discussed and recommendations are made for necessary components of effective treatment interventions
Decrease of upper critical field with underdoping in cuprate superconductors
The transition temperature Tc of cuprate superconductors falls when the
doping p is reduced below a certain optimal value. It is unclear whether this
fall is due to strong phase fluctuations or to a decrease in the pairing gap.
Different interpretations of photoemission data disagree on the evolution of
the pairing gap and different estimates of the upper critical field Hc2 are in
sharp contradiction. Here we resolve this contradiction by showing that
superconducting fluctuations in the underdoped cuprate Eu-LSCO, measured via
the Nernst effect, have a characteristic field scale that falls with
underdoping. The critical field Hc2 dips at p = 0.11, showing that
superconductivity is weak where stripe order is strong. In the archetypal
cuprate superconductor YBCO, Hc2 extracted from other measurements has the same
doping dependence, also with a minimum at p = 0.11, again where stripe order is
present. We conclude that competing states such as stripe order weaken
superconductivity and this, rather than phase fluctuations, causes Tc to fall
as cuprates become underdoped.Comment: Supplementary Information file available upon request; Nature Physics
(2012
Fermi-surface reconstruction by stripe order in cuprate superconductors
Quantum oscillations have revealed the presence of a small pocket in the
Fermi surface of the cuprate superconductor YBCO, whose nature and origin are
the subject of much debate. Interpretations include electron and hole pockets;
scenarios include Fermi-surface reconstruction by antiferromagnetism,
d-density-wave order, and stripe order. Here we report quantum oscillations in
the Seebeck and Nernst coefficients of YBCO and show, from the magnitude and
sign of the Seebeck coefficient, that they come from an electron pocket. Using
measurements of the Seebeck coefficient as a function of hole doping p, we show
that the evolution of the Fermi surface in YBCO is the same as in Eu-LSCO, a
cuprate where stripe order (a modulation of spin and charge densities) is well
established. The electron pocket is most prominent where stripe order is
strongest, at p = 1/8. This shows that Fermi-surface reconstruction is a
generic mechanism of underdoped cuprates, intimately related to stripe order.Comment: 15 pages, 5 figures, Supplementary information now integrated into
articl
Examination of psychological risk factors for chronic pain following cardiac surgery: protocol for a prospective observational study
© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. INTRODUCTION: Approximately 400 000 Americans and 36 000 Canadians undergo cardiac surgery annually, and up to 56% will develop chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP). The primary aim of this study is to explore the association of pain-related beliefs and gender-based pain expectations on the development of CPSP. Secondary goals are to: (A) explore risk factors for poor functional status and patient-level cost of illness from a societal perspective up to 12 months following cardiac surgery; and (B) determine the impact of CPSP on quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) borne by cardiac surgery, in addition to the incremental cost for one additional QALY gained, among those who develop CPSP compared with those who do not. METHODS AND ANALYSES: In this prospective cohort study, 1250 adults undergoing cardiac surgery, including coronary artery bypass grafting and open-heart procedures, will be recruited over a 3-year period. Putative risk factors for CPSP will be captured prior to surgery, at postoperative day 3 (in hospital) and day 30 (at home). Outcome data will be collected via telephone interview at 6-month and 12-month follow-up. We will employ generalised estimating equations to model the primary (CPSP) and secondary outcomes (function and cost) while adjusting for prespecified model covariates. QALYs will be estimated by converting data from the Short Form-12 (version 2) to a utility score. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This protocol has been approved by the responsible bodies at each of the hospital sites, and study enrolment began May 2015. We will disseminate our results through CardiacPain.Net, a web-based knowledge dissemination platform, presentation at international conferences and publications in scientific journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01842568
Development and Implementation of a Registry of Patients Attending Multidisciplinary Pain Treatment Clinics: The Quebec Pain Registry
The Quebec Pain Registry (QPR) is a large research database of patients suffering from various chronic pain (CP) syndromes who were referred to one of five tertiary care centres in the province of Quebec (Canada). Patients were monitored using common demographics, identical clinical descriptors, and uniform validated outcomes. This paper describes the development, implementation, and research potential of the QPR. Between 2008 and 2013, 6902 patients were enrolled in the QPR, and data were collected prior to their first visit at the pain clinic and six months later. More than 90% of them (mean age ± SD: 52.76 ± 4.60, females: 59.1%) consented that their QPR data be used for research purposes. The results suggest that, compared to patients with serious chronic medical disorders, CP patients referred to tertiary care clinics are more severely impaired in multiple domains including emotional and physical functioning. The QPR is also a powerful and comprehensive tool for conducting research in a “real-world” context with 27 observational studies and satellite research projects which have been completed or are underway. It contains data on the clinical evolution of thousands of patients and provides the opportunity of answering important research questions on various aspects of CP (or specific pain syndromes) and its management
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