423 research outputs found
A Quantum-Conceptual Explanation of Violations of Expected Utility in Economics
The expected utility hypothesis is one of the building blocks of classical
economic theory and founded on Savage's Sure-Thing Principle. It has been put
forward, e.g. by situations such as the Allais and Ellsberg paradoxes, that
real-life situations can violate Savage's Sure-Thing Principle and hence also
expected utility. We analyze how this violation is connected to the presence of
the 'disjunction effect' of decision theory and use our earlier study of this
effect in concept theory to put forward an explanation of the violation of
Savage's Sure-Thing Principle, namely the presence of 'quantum conceptual
thought' next to 'classical logical thought' within a double layer structure of
human thought during the decision process. Quantum conceptual thought can be
modeled mathematically by the quantum mechanical formalism, which we illustrate
by modeling the Hawaii problem situation, a well-known example of the
disjunction effect, and we show how the dynamics in the Hawaii problem
situation is generated by the whole conceptual landscape surrounding the
decision situation.Comment: 9 pages, no figure
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Social Projection and a Quantum Approach for Behavior in Prisoner's Dilemma
Entanglement Zoo II: Examples in Physics and Cognition
We have recently presented a general scheme enabling quantum modeling of
different types of situations that violate Bell's inequalities. In this paper,
we specify this scheme for a combination of two concepts. We work out a quantum
Hilbert space model where 'entangled measurements' occur in addition to the
expected 'entanglement between the component concepts', or 'state
entanglement'. We extend this result to a macroscopic physical entity, the
'connected vessels of water', which maximally violates Bell's inequalities. We
enlighten the structural and conceptual analogies between the cognitive and
physical situations which are both examples of a nonlocal non-marginal box
modeling in our classification.Comment: 11 page
Vascular Flora of Hooper Branch Savanna Nature Preserve, Iroquois County, Illinois
INHS Technical Report prepared for Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Division of
Natural Heritag
Unifying Decision-Making: a Review on Evolutionary Theories on Rationality and Cognitive Biases
In this paper, we make a review on the concepts of rationality across several
different fields, namely in economics, psychology and evolutionary biology and
behavioural ecology. We review how processes like natural selection can help us
understand the evolution of cognition and how cognitive biases might be a
consequence of this natural selection. In the end we argue that humans are not
irrational, but rather rationally bounded and we complement the discussion on
how quantum cognitive models can contribute for the modelling and prediction of
human paradoxical decisions
Introducing Quantum-Like Influence Diagrams for Violations of the Sure Thing Principle
It is the focus of this work to extend and study the previously proposed
quantum-like Bayesian networks to deal with decision-making scenarios by
incorporating the notion of maximum expected utility in influence diagrams. The
general idea is to take advantage of the quantum interference terms produced in
the quantum-like Bayesian Network to influence the probabilities used to
compute the expected utility of some action. This way, we are not proposing a
new type of expected utility hypothesis. On the contrary, we are keeping it
under its classical definition. We are only incorporating it as an extension of
a probabilistic graphical model in a compact graphical representation called an
influence diagram in which the utility function depends on the probabilistic
influences of the quantum-like Bayesian network.
Our findings suggest that the proposed quantum-like influence digram can
indeed take advantage of the quantum interference effects of quantum-like
Bayesian Networks to maximise the utility of a cooperative behaviour in
detriment of a fully rational defect behaviour under the prisoner's dilemma
game
Do preferences and beliefs in dilemma games exhibit complementarity?
Blanco et. al. (2014) show in a novel experiment the presence of intrinsic interactions between the preferences and the beliefs of participants in social dilemma games. They discuss the identification of three effects, and we claim that two of them are inherently of non-classical nature. Here, we discuss qualitatively how a model based on complementarity between preferences and beliefs in a Hilbert space can give an structural explanation to two of the three effects the authors observe, and the third one can be incorporated into the model as a classical correlation between the observations in two subspaces. Quantitative formalization of the model and proper fit to the experimental observation will be done in the near future, as we have been given recent access to the original dataset
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Towards a quantum probability theory of similarity judgments
We review recent progress in understanding similarity judgments in cognition by means of quantum probability theory (QP) models. We begin by outlining some features of similarity judgments that have proven difficult to model by traditional approaches. We then briefly present a model of similarity judgments based on QP, and show how it can solve many of the problems faced by traditional approaches. Finally we look at some areas where the quantum model is currently less satisfactory, and discuss some open questions and areas for further work
What is Quantum? Unifying Its Micro-Physical and Structural Appearance
We can recognize two modes in which 'quantum appears' in macro domains: (i) a
'micro-physical appearance', where quantum laws are assumed to be universal and
they are transferred from the micro to the macro level if suitable 'quantum
coherence' conditions (e.g., very low temperatures) are realized, (ii) a
'structural appearance', where no hypothesis is made on the validity of quantum
laws at a micro level, while genuine quantum aspects are detected at a
structural-modeling level. In this paper, we inquire into the connections
between the two appearances. We put forward the explanatory hypothesis that,
'the appearance of quantum in both cases' is due to 'the existence of a
specific form of organisation, which has the capacity to cope with random
perturbations that would destroy this organisation when not coped with'. We
analyse how 'organisation of matter', 'organisation of life', and 'organisation
of culture', play this role each in their specific domain of application, point
out the importance of evolution in this respect, and put forward how our
analysis sheds new light on 'what quantum is'.Comment: 10 page
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