Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe STAD Untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa Kelas IV SDN Inpres Pandaluk Pada Materi Penjumlahan Bilangan Bulat

Penelitian ini dilatar belakangi oleh rendahnya hasil belajar siswa kelas IV SDN Inpres Pandaluk pada materi penjumlahan bilangan bulat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa kelas IV SDN Inpres Pandaluk pada materi penjumlahan bilangan bulat. Untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa tersebut, maka peneliti menerapkan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe STAD. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas IV SDN Inpres Pandaluk yang berjumlah 16 orang siswa, yang terdiri dari 8 siswa laki-laki dan 8 siswa perempuan. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah tes, observasi dan wawancara. Desain penelitian ini mengacu pada model penelitian yang dikemukakan oleh Kurt Lewin yang terdiri dari 4 komponen yaitu, 1) Perencanaan, 2) Pelaksanaan Tindakan, 3) Pengamatan, 4) Refleksi. Proses penelitian tindakan kelas ini dilaksanakan dalam 2 (dua) siklus dimana siklus pertama memaparkan tentang penjumlahan dua bilangan bulat positif atau dua bilangn negatif sedangkan pada siklus kedua memaparkan tentang penjumlahan bilangan bulat positif dengan bilangan bulat negatif. Hasil observasi siklus I dan II menunjukkan aktivitas siswa dan aktivitas guru dalam pembelajaran adalah baik. Dari hasil tes terlihat bahwa pada siklus I didapatkan ketuntasan klasikal sebesar 56,25% dan daya serap klasikal sebesar 60,62%, sedangkan pada siklus II didapatkan ketuntasan klasikal sebesar 87,5% dan daya serap klasikal sebesar 77,5%.Dengan demikian, penerapan model kooperatif tipe STAD dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa dikelas IV SDN Inpres Pandaluk pada materi penjumlahan bilangan bulat

Climate change, dengue and the economy ascertaining the link between dengue and climatic conditions

This paper examines the climate-change related factors that affect the incidence of dengue in the Philippines. Dengue, one of the most high-profile public health problems in Southeast Asia, has been estimated to cost hundreds of millions of dollars in the Philippines and worldwide in terms of treatment, surveillance and control, lost income and other indirect costs per year. The disease has been a burden on the public, especially the poor who are less able to access funds for treatment and more heavily affected by the loss in income due to illness. The findings indicate that temperature, precipitation and the incidence of La Niña significantly contribute to the cases of dengue in the Philippines by enhancing the breeding, growth and development of the Aedis aegypti, the dengue-carrying mosquito variety. The econometric results also indicate that better household sanitation practices also reduce dengue cases, indicating that investments to enhance the public's adoption of hygienic and other health practices do lessen the transmission of diseases such as dengue. The results of the study are consistent with the findings of studies regarding dengue in other parts of the world, and contribute to the growing awareness about the health impacts of climate change. This study should provide Philippine policy-makers some guidance in addressing the dengue problem as regional climate change becomes more pronounced

Evaluating ITPR-dependence of Apoptotic Signaling from the Endoplasmic Reticulum

Stress within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) can be induced by misfolded proteins accumulating in the lumen of this organelle. Signaling of ER stress to other parts of the cell results in altered gene expression, physiological adaptation, and with sustained stress, apoptosis (cell suicide). ER stress is often studied with highly toxic compounds that create severe ER stress rapidly, and a condition that is likely not physiologically relevant within an organism. In this study, we examine the apoptotic signaling induced by moderate ER stress, and in particular the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (ITPR). The ITPR regulates Ca2+ release from the ER lumen, and can induce apoptosis. We hypothesize that moderate levels of ER stress activate apoptosis via an ITPR-dependent signal. To induce moderate ER stress, we expose cells to 20-30nM concentrations of tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N-linked glycosylation in the ER. In this study, inclusion of an ITPR inhibitor (2-aminoethoxyphenyl borate, 2APB) protected cells from moderate ER stress, but did not protect cells from severe ER stress. A second methodology of assessing ITPR regulation of apoptosis includes overexpression of an ER-localized form of Bcl-2. The B-cell lymphoma 2 protein (Bcl-2has the ability to block the activation of cell suicide (apoptosis) by binding and inhibiting pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax family members). Bcl-2 is a membrane localized protein, found primarily in the mitochondrial outer membrane, and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. In recent years, ER localized Bcl-2 has been shown to interact with the ITPR and inhibit pro-apoptotic Ca2+ signaling from the ER. We transfected cells with plasmids bearing forms of a Bcl-2 fusion protein to assess the capability of ER-Bcl-2 to protect cells from moderate apoptosis. The results of initial experiments did not show protection to either moderate or severe ER stress though some replicates of the experiment seemed to indicate protection. As this result is inconsistent with other results in our lab, we propose additional replicates of the experiment and using a drug-based mimic of this interaction to assess moderate ER stress signaling (Akl et al., 2013)

Influential Correlation Factor of the Iva Test Result Towards the Woman Prisoners of II a Class in Semarang

. Cervix cancer is number one killing disease among women. Since 2008-2014, Central Java especially Semarang is the second highest prevalence of cervix cancer. Actually the early cervix cancer detection could be conducted through IVA test, because this sort of test is relatively fast and accurate in only one visit and treatment.Woman prisoners are groups of nondependent person and vulnerable in case of reproduction system. According to theobservation, the excessive prisoners and lack of officers would limit health/medical access to its inhabitants. This study employed analytic correlation design by using 44 woman prisoners in prison of IIA class in Semarang. Besides the datawas analyzed using SPSS for windows. The result of the study showed that 29.5% women were positively infected (bypositive result of IVA test). In other hand, there were 52.3% women having sexual intercourse less than 20 years old,65.9% women having sexual partner. Besides, 52.3% women experienced douching vagina, 59.1% women were multiparity obstetric, and 77.3% women did not have any cancer history in their family. Conclusion: There is relatively influential correlation between the age of first time having sexual intercourse, numbers of sexual partners, and obstetric history towards the result of IVA test

Perbedaan Indikator-indikator Obesitas pada Lansia Hipertensi dan Non-hipertensi

Banyak kejadian hipertensi yang tidak terdiagnosa dikarenakan tidak munculnya tanda dan gejala sehingga diperlukan cara penentuan peningkatan risiko hipertensi yang lebih mudah teramati, seperti dari peningkatan IMT, lingkar pinggang (LP) dan rasio lingkar pinggang-panggul (RLPP) yang juga sebagai langkah promosi kesehatan untuk mencegah peningkatan kasus hipertensi dari diri sendiri. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional dengan rancangan cross-sectional yang dilaksanakan di Posyandu Lansia di Desa Bolon, Kecamatan Colomadu dengan jumlah subjek 30 untuk masing-masing kelompok yang dipilih secara consecutive sampling. Uji perbedaan dilakukan dengan Independent T-test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan lebih dari separuh responden yang non-hipertensi memiliki IMT, LP dan RLPP yang normal (70%, 67% dan 77%) sedangkan untuk responden yang hipertensi sebagian besar memiliki status gizi lebih (63%, 73% dan 70%). Walaupun lebih dari separuh responden yang hipertensi memiliki IMT lebih, dari uji Independent T-test tidak menunjukkan perbedaaan yang signifikan (nilai p> 0,05). Namun, untuk LP dan RLPP menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan antara respoden dengan hipertensi dan tidak hipertensi (nilai p< 0,05). Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan signifikan pada LP dan RLPP tetapi tidak dengan IMT pada lansia hipertensi dan yang tidak mengalami hipertensi. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa penumpukan lemak di sekitar Perut yang lebih mempengaruhi tekanan darah dibandingkan dengan IMT atau proporsi tubuh secara keseluruhan

From daily movements to population distributions: weather affects competitive ability in a guild of soaring birds

The ability of many animals to access and exploit food is dependent on the ability to move. In the case of scavenging birds, which use soaring flight to locate and exploit ephemeral resources, the cost and speed of movement vary with meteorological factors. These factors are likely to modify the nature of interspecific interactions, as well as individual movement capacity, although the former are less well understood. We used aeronautical models to examine how soaring performance varies with weather within a guild of scavenging birds and the consequences this has for access to a common resource. Birds could be divided broadly into those with low wing loading that are more competitive in conditions with weak updraughts and low winds (black vultures and caracaras), and those with high wing loading that are well adapted for soaring in strong updraughts and moderate to high winds (Andean condors). Spatial trends in meteorological factors seem to confine scavengers with high wing loading to the mountains where theyout-compete other birds; a trend that is borne out in worldwide distributions of the largest species. However, model predictions and carcass observations suggest that the competitive ability of these and other birds varies with meteorological conditions in areas where distributions overlap. This challenges the view that scavenging guilds are structured by fixed patterns of dominance and suggests that competitive ability varies across spatial and temporal scales, which may ultimately be a mechanism promoting diversity among aerial scavengers.Fil: Shepard, Emily L. C.. Swansea University; Reino UnidoFil: Lambertucci, Sergio Agustin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentin

Spatio-temporal Distribution and Abundance of Crown-of-Thorns Starfish (Acanthaster planci L.) in Three Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) around the Island Garden City of Samal, Philippines

The spatial and temporal distribution of crown-of-thorns starfish or COTS (Acanthaster planci L.) was investigated in three marine protected areas (MPAs) around the Island Garden City of Samal (IGaCoS), Philippines, from December 2008 to December 2009. Methods include photo quadrat for the live coral cover and belt transect for the density of COTS and its predators. There was a significant difference in the spatial distribution of COTS among MPAs. Sanipaan Marine Park (SMP) had the highest COTS density while Coral Garden and Aundanao MPAs had the least. Variability of COTS density was attributed to percent coral cover and human intervention (i.e., COTS clean-up drive). At temporal scale, only data from SMP fitted for the analysis. There was no significant difference observed during the sampling periods conducted in April, August, and November 2009. The results suggest longer time of monitoring to cover the life span of COTS, taking into consideration  the probable causes for infestation, whether anthropogenic (i.e., harvesting leading to mass spawning) or natural. In conclusion, the spatial distribution of COTS depends on the abundance of their preferred food while the temporal distribution is probably influenced by environmental conditions over time

Laser-plasma interactions with a Fourier-Bessel Particle-in-Cell method

A new spectral particle-in-cell (PIC) method for plasma modeling is presented and discussed. In the proposed scheme, the Fourier-Bessel transform is used to translate the Maxwell equations to the quasi-cylindrical spectral domain. In this domain, the equations are solved analytically in time, and the spatial derivatives are approximated with high accuracy. In contrast to the finite-difference time domain (FDTD) methods that are commonly used in PIC, the developed method does not produce numerical dispersion, and does not involve grid staggering for the electric and magnetic fields. These features are especially valuable in modeling the wakefield acceleration of particles in plasmas. The proposed algorithm is implemented in the code PLARES-PIC, and the test simulations of laser plasma interactions are compared to the ones done with the quasi-cylindrical FDTD PIC code CALDER-CIRC.Comment: submitted to Phys. Plasma

Pengembangan Instrumen Asesmen Pengetahuan Pada Materi Teori Atom Bohr Dan Mekanika Kuantum

This research was aimed to describe the validity of knowledge assessment instrument on Bohr\u27s atomic theory and quantum mechanics atomic theory topic. This assessment instrument used multiple choice form test which considering the reliability, validity, level of difficulty, dis­crimi­nation power, distractors\u27 power, sensitivity, and practicability by teachers and students responses. The R&D method was used in this reseach. This assessment instrument was valid based on expert judgement on content suitability, read­ability, and construction aspects, and it was said practicable based on teachers and students responses where all aspects of it was categorized as high. The empi­ri­cal testing showed that this assessment instrument have high level of reliability, mo­dest validity, modest level of diffi­culty, high discrimination power, good distractors, and less sensitive. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk men­­­deskripsikan validitas instrumen asesmen penge­ta­huan pada materi teori atom Bohr dan mekanika kuantum. Asesmen berupa soal pi­lihan ja­mak dengan mem­per­hatikan reliabilitas, validitas, tingkat kesukaran, daya beda, daya pengecoh dan sensitivi­tas soal, serta kepraktisan menurut respon guru dan siswa. Metode pene­li­ti­an yang digunakan adalah metode R&D. Instrumen asesmen ini dikatakan valid berdasarkan hasil validasi ahli terhadap aspek keter­ba­caan, kons­truksi, dan kese­suaian soal dengan materi, dan instrumen asesmen dikatakan praktis berdasarkan respon guru dan siswa dimana semua aspek termasuk kategori tinggi. Uji empiris menunjukkan asesmen me­mi­liki nilai re­liabilitas tinggi, tingkat kesukaran soal sedang, daya beda soal ting­gi, da­ya pengecoh opsi jawaban berfungsi baik, validitas butir sedang dan sensi­tivi­tas soal kurang sensitif