Estudio de la presencia de nematodos anisákidos en distintas especies acuícolas producidas en el litoral español

[EN] The main objective of this study has been to determine the presence or absence of anisakid nematodes in aquaculture fish from the Spanish coast. For the study, it has been used different detection techniques: direct visualization, acid digestion and UV visualization. It has been studied a total of 4,080 samples from fish farms on the Spanish coast in a study divided into two phases. In addition, it has been also performed an study to determine the presence of anisakid nematodes in fish from fisheries of Valencia Region. In this work 217 samples were studied by the technique of direct visualization. The obtained results by the diagnostic techniques used indicate no anisakid larvae in aquaculture fish bred in Spain, independently of the production system, geographic location and season. From aquaculture samples, it has been analyzed the following species: gilthead seabream (1.741), european sea bass (907), european eel (601), rainbow trout (441), meagre (246) and turbot (144). Similar results has been obtained from other authors previously (Kapota, 2012; Peñalver et al., 2010). The processing methods for raw materials utilized to the manufature of extruded aquaculture feed, mainly those used to the production of fish meal and oils, prevent the transfer of viable anisakid through the extruded feed. However, in fish from fisheries, comparable to synanthropic species of fish farms, the prevalence was 5.53 %. The hypothesis that the breeding and food techniques used in Spain minimizes the possibility of the presence of anisakid nematodes on this fishes is confirmed, so the risk of human transmission of these parasites through fish aquaculture consumption is negligible. The conditions that would be necessary for the presence of anisakid nematodes in fish occur in fish farms on the Spanish coast: presence of definitive hosts of anisakid nematodes; presence of anisakid nematode paratenic hosts; presence of intermediate hosts, because the life cycle of the parasite is closed; breeding of susceptible species in aquaculture facilities of the Spanish coast. However, it has not been found anisakid larvae, so it can be concluded that the absence of anisakid larvae nematodes is not due to species kept are not affected, or the absence of nematodes in waters where they are raised, as there are definitive, intermediate and paratenic hosts, but growing and feed conditions feed used in Spanish fish farms. Although the presence of anisakid larvae can not completely be discarded, in the fish farming conditions that currently are used in Spain, the probability of finding anisakid larvae in these fish is negligible. Therefore, consumption of fish from spanish aquaculture does not represent a significant risk to consumer of infection by anisakid larvae and reduces the risk of sensitization to the parasite.[ES] El principal objetivo de este trabajo ha sido la determinación de la presencia o ausencia de nematodos anisákidos en pescado proveniente de la acuicultura del litoral español. Para el estudio se han utilizado diferentes técnicas de detección: visualización directa, digestión ácida y visualización con UV. Se han estudiado un total de 4.080 muestras de pescados procedentes de granjas del litoral español en un estudio dividido en dos fases. Además, se ha realizado un estudio para la determinación de la presencia de nematodos anisákidos en pescado procedente de la pesca extractiva de la Comunitat Valenciana. En este trabajo se han estudiado 217 individuos mediante la técnica de la visualización directa. Los resultados obtenidos, mediante las técnicas diagnósticas utilizadas, indican la ausencia de larvas de anisákidos en los pescados de acuicultura criados en España, independientemente del sistema de producción, de la localización geográfica y la estación del año. De las muestras provenientes de la acuicultura se han analizado las siguientes especies: dorada (1.741), lubina (907), anguila (601), trucha arco iris (441), corvina (246) y rodaballo (144). Similares resultados han sido obtenido por otros autores con anterioridad (Kapota, 2012; Peñalver et al., 2010). Los métodos de procesado de las materias primas utilizadas en la fabricación de los piensos extrusionados para acuicultura, principalmente las utilizadas para la producción de harinas y aceites de pescado, impiden la transferencia de anisákidos viables a través de los piensos extrusionados. Sin embargo, en el pescado proveniente de la pesca extractiva, asimilable a las especies sinantrópicas de las granjas acuícolas, la prevalencia ha sido del 5,53 %. Se confirma la hipótesis que la forma de cría y alimentación de los pescados criados en España minimiza la posibilidad de la presencia de nematodos anisákidos en los mismos, por lo que el riesgo de una transmisión al ser humano de estos parásitos por el consumo de pescado de acuicultura es insignificante. En las granjas de acuicultura del litoral español se dan las condiciones que serían necesarias para la presencia de nematodos anisákidos en el pescado: presencia de hospedadores definitivos de nematodos anisákidos; presencia de hospedadores paraténicos de nematodos anisákidos; presencia de hospedadores intermediarios, dado que se cierra el ciclo biológico del parásito; cría de especies sensibles en las instalaciones de acuicultura del litoral español. Sin embargo, no se han encontrado larvas de anisákidos, por lo que se puede concluir que la ausencia de larvas de nematodos anisákidos no es debida a que las especies de cultivo criadas no sean sensibles, ni a la ausencia de nematodos en las aguas donde se crían, ya que existen hospedadores definitivos, intermediarios y paraténicos, sino a las condiciones de cultivo y de alimentación utilizadas en las granjas marinas del litoral español. Aunque no se puede descartar totalmente su presencia, en las condiciones de cría de pescado actualmente utilizadas en España, la probabilidad de encontrar larvas de anisákidos en estos pescados es prácticamente nula. Por tanto, el consumo de pescado procedente de acuicultura española no representa un riesgo significativo de infección del consumidor por larvas de anisákidos y disminuye el riesgo de sensibilización al parásito.[CA] El principal objectiu d'aquest treball ha sigut la determinació de la presència o absència de nematodes anisàkids en peix provinent de l'aqüicultura del litoral espanyol. Per a l'estudi s'han utilitzat diferents tècniques de detecció: visualització directa, digestió àcida i visualització amb UV. S'han estudiat un total de 4.080 mostres de peix provinent de granges del litoral espanyol en un estudi dividit en dues fases. A més, s'ha realitzat un estudi per la determinació de la presència de nematodes anisàkids en peix provinent de la pesca extractiva de la Comunitat Valenciana. A aquest treball s'han estudiat 217 individus mitjançant la tècnica de la visualització directa. Els resultats obtinguts, mitjançant les tècniques diagnòstiques utilitzades, indiquen l'absència de larves d'anisàkids als peixos d'aqüicultura criats a Espanya, independentment del sistema de producció, la localització geogràfica i l'estació de l'any. De les mostres provinents de l'aqüicultura s'han analitzat les següents espècies: orada (1.741), llobarro (907), anguila (601), truita arc de Sant Martí (441), corball (246) i rèmol empetxinat (144). Semblants resultats han sigut obtinguts per altres autors amb anterioritat (Kapota, 2012; Peñalver et al., 2010). Els mètodes de processat de les matèries primes utilitzades a la fabricació dels pinsos extrusionats per a l'aqüicultura, principalment les utilitzades per la fabricació de farines i olis de peix, impedeixen la transferència d'anisàkids viables mitjançant els pinsos extrusionats. No obstant això, al peix provinent de la pesca extractiva, assimilable a les espècies sinantròpiques de les granges aqüícoles, la prevalència ha sigut del 5,53 %. Es confirma la hipòtesi que la forma de cria i alimentació dels peixos criats a Espanya minimitza la possibilitat de la presència de nematodes anisàkids en els mateixos, de manera que el risc d'una transmissió a l'ésser humà d'aquests paràsits pel consum de peix d'aqüicultura es insignificant. A les granges d'aqüicultura del litoral espanyol es donen les condicions que serien necessàries per la presència de nematodes anisàkids al peix: presència de hospedadors definitius de nematodes anisàkids; presència de hospedadors paratènics de nematodes anisàkids; presència d'hospedadors intermediaris, ja que es tanca el cicle del paràsit; cria d'espècies sensibles a les instal·lacions del litoral espanyol. Malgrat això, no s'han trobat larves d'anisàkids, pel que es pot concloure que l'absència de larves de nematodes anisàkids no es deguda a que les espècies de cultiu criades no són sensibles, ni a l'absència de nematodes a les aigües on es crien, ja que hi han hospedadors definitius, intermediaris i paratènics, sinó a les condicions de cultiu i d'alimentació utilitzades a les granges marines del litoral espanyol. Tot i que no es pot descartar totalment la seua presència, en les condicions de cria de peix actualment utilitzades a Espanya, la probabilitat de trobar larves d'anisàkids a aquestos peixos es pràcticament nul·la. Per tant, el consum de peix provinent de l'aqüicultura espanyola no representa un risc significatiu d'infecció del consumidor per larves d'anisàkids i disminueix el risc de sensibilització al paràsit.López Ramon, J. (2015). Estudio de la presencia de nematodos anisákidos en distintas especies acuícolas producidas en el litoral español [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/59406TESI

Fuji-SfM dataset: A collection of annotated images and point clouds for Fuji apple detection and location using structure-from-motion photogrammetry

The present dataset contains colour images acquired in a commercial Fuji apple orchard (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Fuji) to reconstruct the 3D model of 11 trees by using structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry. The data provided in this article is related to the research article entitled “Fruit detection and 3D location using instance segmentation neural networks and structure-from-motion photogrammetry” [1]. The Fuji-SfM dataset includes: (1) a set of 288 colour images and the corresponding annotations (apples segmentation masks) for training instance segmentation neural networks such as Mask-RCNN; (2) a set of 582 images defining a motion sequence of the scene which was used to generate the 3D model of 11 Fuji apple trees containing 1455 apples by using SfM; (3) the 3D point cloud of the scanned scene with the corresponding apple positions ground truth in global coordinates. With that, this is the first dataset for fruit detection containing images acquired in a motion sequence to build the 3D model of the scanned trees with SfM and including the corresponding 2D and 3D apple location annotations. This data allows the development, training, and test of fruit detection algorithms either based on RGB images, on coloured point clouds or on the combination of both types of data. Dades primàries associades a l'article http://hdl.handle.net/10459.1/68505This work was partly funded by the Secretaria d'Universitats i Recerca del Departament d'Empresa i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya (grant 2017 SGR 646), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (project AGL2013-48297-C2-2-R) and the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (project RTI2018-094222-B-I00). Part of the work was also developed within the framework of the project TEC2016-75976-R, financed by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). The Spanish Ministry of Education is thanked for Mr. J. Gené’s pre-doctoral fellowships (FPU15/03355)

Special issue on 'Terrestrial laser scanning': editors' notes

In this editorial, we provide an overview of the content of the special issue on 'Terrestrial Laser Scanning'. The aim of this Special Issue is to bring together innovative developments and applications of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), understood in a broad sense. Thus, although most contributions mainly involve the use of laser-based systems, other alternative technologies that also allow for obtaining 3D point clouds for the measurement and the 3D characterization of terrestrial targets, such as photogrammetry, are also considered. The 15 published contributions are mainly focused on the applications of TLS to the following three topics: TLS performance and point cloud processing, applications to civil engineering, and applications to plant characterization

Characterisation of the LMS200 laser beam under the influence of blockage surfaces. Influence on 3D scanning of tree orchards

The geometric characterisation of tree orchards is a high-precision activity comprising the accurate measurement and knowledge of the geometry and structure of the trees. Different types of sensors can be used to perform this characterisation. In this work a terrestrial LIDAR sensor (SICK LMS200) whose emission source was a 905-nm pulsed laser diode was used. Given the known dimensions of the laser beam cross-section (with diameters ranging from 12 mm at the point of emission to 47.2 mm at a distance of 8 m), and the known dimensions of the elements that make up the crops under study (flowers, leaves, fruits, branches, trunks), it was anticipated that, for much of the time, the laser beam would only partially hit a foreground target/object, with the consequent problem of mixed pixels or edge effects. Understanding what happens in such situations was the principal objective of this work. With this in mind, a series of tests were set up to determine the geometry of the emitted beam and to determine the response of the sensor to different beam blockage scenarios. The main conclusions that were drawn from the results obtained were: (i) in a partial beam blockage scenario, the distance value given by the sensor depends more on the blocked radiant power than on the blocked surface area; (ii) there is an area that influences the measurements obtained that is dependent on the percentage of blockage and which ranges from 1.5 to 2.5 m with respect to the foreground target/object. If the laser beam impacts on a second target/object located within this range, this will affect the measurement given by the sensor. To interpret the information obtained from the point clouds provided by the LIDAR sensors, such as the volume occupied and the enclosing area, it is necessary to know the resolution and the process for obtaining this mesh of points and also to be aware of the problem associated with mixed pixels.This research was funded by FEDER (Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional) and the CICYT (Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología, Spain), under Agreement N, AGL2002-04260-C04-02 and AGL2010-22304-C04-03. LMS200 and SICK are trademarks of SICK AG, Germany

A simplified implementation of the stationary liquid mass balance method for on-line OUR monitoring in animal cell cultures

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: [Fontova, A. , Lecina, M. , López‐Repullo, J. , Martínez‐Monge, I. , Comas, P. , Bragós, R. and Cairó, J. J. (2018), A simplified implementation of the stationary liquid mass balance method for on‐line OUR monitoring in animal cell cultures. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. doi:10.1002/jctb.5551], which has been published in final form at [doi:10.1002/jctb.5551]. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.BACKGROUND: Compared with other methods, the stationary liquid mass balance method for oxygen uptake rate (OUR) determination offers advantages in terms of estimation accuracy and reduction of stress. However, the need for sophisticated instrumentation, like mass flow controllers and gas analysers, has historically limited wider implementation of such a method. In this paper, a new simplified method based on inexpensive valves for the continuous estimation of OUR in animal cell cultures is evaluated. The determination of OUR values is based on accurate operation of the dissolved oxygen (DO) control loop and monitoring of its internal variables. RESULTS: The method developed was tested empirically in 2¿L bioreactor HEK293 batch cultures. OUR profiles obtained by a dynamic method, global mass balance method and the developed simplified method were monitored and compared. The results show how OUR profile obtained with the proposed method better follows the off-line cell density determination. The OUR estimation frequency was also increased, improving the method capabilities and applications. The theoretical rationale of the method was extended to the sensitivity analysis which was analytically and numerically approached. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed the proposed method to be not only cheap, but also a reliable alternative to monitor the metabolic activity in bioreactors in many biotechnological processes, being a useful tool for high cell density culture strategies implementation based on OUR monitoring.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

KFuji RGB-DS database: Fuji apple multi-modal images for fruit detection with color, depth and range-corrected IR data

This article contains data related to the research article entitle 'Multi-modal Deep Learning for Fruit Detection Using RGB-D Cameras and their Radiometric Capabilities' [1]. The development of reliable fruit detection and localization systems is essential for future sustainable agronomic management of high-value crops. RGB-D sensors have shown potential for fruit detection and localization since they provide 3D information with color data. However, the lack of substantial datasets is a barrier for exploiting the use of these sensors. This article presents the KFuji RGBDS database which is composed by 967 multi-modal images of Fuji apples on trees captured using Microsoft Kinect v2 (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA). Each image contains information from 3 different modalities: color (RGB), depth (D) and range corrected IR intensity (S). Ground truth fruit locations were manually annotated, labeling a total of 12,839 apples in all the dataset. The current dataset is publicly available at http://www.grap.udl.cat/publicacions/datasets.html.This work was partly funded by the Secretaria d’Universitats i Recerca del Departament d’Empresa i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya, the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) under Grants 2017 SGR 646, AGL2013-48297-C2-2-R and MALEGRA, TEC2016-75976-R. The Spanish Ministry of Education is thanked for Mr. J. Gené’s pre-doctoral fellowships (FPU15/03355). We would also like to thank Nufri and Vicens Maquinària Agrícola S.A. for their support during data acquisition

La población inmigrante controla peor su diabetes que la población autóctona

ResumenIntroducciónSe sabe que hay diferencias entre los grupos de inmigrantes en lo que respecta a la prevalencia de diabetes, pero no disponemos de suficiente evidencia para afirmar que, una vez diagnosticada, sea distinto el grado de control. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar si hay diferencias en la detección y el grado de control de los pacientes diabéticos entre inmigrantes y autóctonos en nuestra región sanitaria.MétodoEstudio poblacional observacional transversal que incluye a todos los pacientes diagnosticados de diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 asignados y atendidos durante 2010. Se analizaron los indicadores de calidad de la diabetes y se utilizaron modelos de regresión logística multivariada que se ajustaron por la edad, el sexo y el número de visitas. El método de ajuste fue forzado y se comprobó la no presencia de colinealidad mediante la curva ROC y el test de Hosmer & Lemeshow.Resultados77.999 pacientes autóctonos (6846 diabéticos) y 30.748 pacientes inmigrantes (415 diabéticos). El 8,78% de los pacientes autóctonos eran diabéticos (1,35% de los inmigrantes, p <0,001). La HbA1c <7,5% era del 68,04% en la población autóctona y del 54,76% en los inmigrantes. Los inmigrantes tienen un riesgo un 27% inferior de alcanzar el control óptimo de HbA1c (OR ajustada=0,73). El riesgo de tener un buen control de HbA1c fue un 30% inferior en el grupo inmigrante. El modelo discriminaba moderadamente (ROC=0,65 y contraste de Hosmer & Lemeshow; p >0,05).ConclusionesHay un peor control y un peor registro de los indicadores de calidad en la atención de la diabetes mellitus en algunos grupos de inmigrantes.AbstractIntroductionEthnic differences are known to exist in the prevalence of diabetes, but little is known about possible differences in the degree of diabetes control among ethnic groups. The aim of this study was to determine whether there are differences in diabetes detection and control between immigrants and the autochthonous population in our health region.MethodsWe performed a cross-sectional, observational, population-based study of all patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus type 2 registered and treated in 2010. We analyzed diabetes quality indicators and used multivariate logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex and number of visits. The adjustment method was forced and the absence of collinearity was identified through the ROC curve and Hosmer and Lemeshow's test.ResultsThere were 77,999 autochthonous patients (6,846 diabetics) and 30,748 immigrant patients (415 diabetics). A total of 8.78% of the autochthonous patients were diabetic versus 1.35% of immigrants (p <0.001). HbA1c <7.5% was found in 68.04% of the native population compared with 54.76% of immigrants. The probability of achieving optimal HbA1c control was 27% lower in immigrants (adjusted OR=0.73), while the probability of achieving good HbA1c control was 30% lower in the immigrant cohort. The model showed moderate discrimination (ROC =0.65 and Hosmer and Lemeshow's contrast, p>0.05).ConclusionsDiabetes control and quality indicators are poorer in some immigrant groups

Multi-modal deep learning for Fuji apple detection using RGB-D cameras and their radiometric capabilities

Fruit detection and localization will be essential for future agronomic management of fruit crops, with applications in yield prediction, yield mapping and automated harvesting. RGB-D cameras are promising sensors for fruit detection given that they provide geometrical information with color data. Some of these sensors work on the principle of time-of-flight (ToF) and, besides color and depth, provide the backscatter signal intensity. However, this radiometric capability has not been exploited for fruit detection applications. This work presents the KFuji RGB-DS database, composed of 967 multi-modal images containing a total of 12,839 Fuji apples. Compilation of the database allowed a study of the usefulness of fusing RGB-D and radiometric information obtained with Kinect v2 for fruit detection. To do so, the signal intensity was range corrected to overcome signal attenuation, obtaining an image that was proportional to the reflectance of the scene. A registration between RGB, depth and intensity images was then carried out. The Faster R-CNN model was adapted for use with five-channel input images: color (RGB), depth (D) and range-corrected intensity signal (S). Results show an improvement of 4.46% in F1-score when adding depth and range-corrected intensity channels, obtaining an F1-score of 0.898 and an AP of 94.8% when all channels are used. From our experimental results, it can be concluded that the radiometric capabilities of ToF sensors give valuable information for fruit detection.This work was partly funded by the Secretaria d’Universitats i Recerca del Departament d’Empresa i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya, the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) under Grants 2017SGR 646, AGL2013-48297-C2-2-R and MALEGRA, TEC2016-75976-R. The Spanish Ministry of Education is thanked for Mr. J. Gené’s predoctoral fellowships (FPU15/03355). We would also like to thank Nufri and Vicens Maquinària Agrícola S.A. for their support during data acquisition, and Adria Carbó for his assistance in Faster R-CNN implementation

Analyzing and overcoming the effects of GNSS error on LiDAR based orchard parameters estimation

Currently, 3D point clouds are obtained via LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) sensors to compute vegetation parameters to enhance agricultural operations. However, such a point cloud is intrinsically dependent on the GNSS (global navigation satellite system) antenna used to have absolute positioning of the sensor within the grove. Therefore, the error associated with the GNSS receiver is propagated to the LiDAR readings and, thus, to the crown or orchard parameters. In this work, we first describe the error propagation of GNSS over the laser scan measurements. Second, we present our proposal to overcome this effect based only on the LiDAR readings. Such a proposal uses a scan matching approach to reduce the error associated with the GNSS receiver. To accomplish such purpose, we fuse the information from the scan matching estimations with the GNSS measurements. In the experiments, we statistically analyze the dependence of the grove parameters extracted from the 3D point cloud -specifically crown surface area, crown volume, and crown porosity- to the localization error. We carried out 150 trials with positioning errors ranging from 0.01 meters (ground truth) to 2 meters. When using only GNSS as a localization system, the results showed that errors associated with the estimation of vegetation parameters increased more than 100 when positioning error was equal or bigger than 1 meter. On the other hand, when our proposal was used as a localization system, the results showed that for the same case of 1 meter, the estimation of orchard parameters improved in 20 overall. However, in lower positioning errors of the GNSS, the estimation of orchard parameters were improved up to 50% overall. These results suggest that our work could lead to better decisions in agricultural operations, which are based on foliar parameter measurements, without the use of external hardware.This work was partly funded by CONICYT FB0008, CONICYT FONDECYT 1171431, PIIC 030/2018 DGIIP-UTFSM Chile, the Secretaria d’Universitats i Recerca del Departament d’Empresa i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya (grant 2017 SGR 646), the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (project RTI2018- 094222-B-I00). The Spanish Ministry of Education is thanked for Mr. J. Gené’s pre-doctoral fellowship (FPU15/03355)

Hydrothermal Fabrication of Carbon-Supported Oxide-Derived Copper Heterostructures : A Robust Catalyst System for Enhanced Electro-Reduction of CO2 to C2H4

Anthropogenic CO can be converted to alternative fuels and value-added products by electrocatalytic routes. Copper-based catalysts are found to be the star materials for obtaining longer-chain carbon compounds beyond 2e products. Herein, we report a facile hydrothermal fabrication of a highly robust electrocatalyst: in-situ grown heterostructures of plate-like CuO−CuO on carbon black. Simultaneous synthesis of copper-carbon catalysts with varied amounts of copper was conducted to determine the optimum blend. It is observed that the optimum ratio and structure have aided in achieving the state of art faradaic efficiency for ethylene >45 % at −1.6 V vs. RHE at industrially relevant high current densities over 160 to 200 mA ⋅ cm. It is understood that the in-situ modification of CuO to CuO during the electrolysis is the driving force for the highly selective conversion of CO to ethylene through the *CO intermediates at the onset potentials followed by C−C coupling. The excellent distribution of Cu-based platelets on the carbon structure enables rapid electron transfer and enhanced catalytic efficiency. It is inferred that choosing the right composition of the catalyst by tuning the catalyst layer over the gas diffusion electrode can substantially affect the product selectivity and promote reaching the potential industrial scale