EL DESARROLLO SUSTENTABLE Y LA INSTRUMENTACIÓN DE SU PARADIGMA EN MÉXICO

Since the late 1960s the discussion about the limits of growth fueled the development of sustainable development as a paradigm that has dominated strategies and policies, including the proposal in 2012 of Green Economies. Nonetheless, progress has not been achieved, among other reasons for the absence of integrated public policies. With a general perspective, the experience of Mexico’s federal public administration and recent planning instruments is revisited, including the creation of green jobs. With such analysis the conclusion about the importance of integrated public policies is duplicated

EL DESARROLLO SUSTENTABLE Y LA INSTRUMENTACIÓN DEL PARADIGMA EN MÉXICO

Since the late 1960s the discussion about the limits of growth fueled the development of sustainable development as a paradigm that has dominated strategies and policies, including the proposal in 2012 of Green Economies. Nonetheless, progress has not been achieved, among other reasons for the absence of integrated public policies. With a general perspective, the experience of Mexico’s federal public administration and recent planning instruments is revisited, including the creation of green jobs. With such analysis the conclusion about the importance of integrated public policies is duplicated

EL DESARROLLO SUSTENTABLE Y LA INSTRUMENTACIÓN DEL PARADIGMA EN MÉXICO

Since the late 1960s the discussion about the limits of growth fueled the development of sustainable development as a paradigm that has dominated strategies and policies, including the proposal in 2012 of Green Economies. Nonetheless, progress has not been achieved, among other reasons for the absence of integrated public policies. With a general perspective, the experience of Mexico’s federal public administration and recent planning instruments is revisited, including the creation of green jobs. With such analysis the conclusion about the importance of integrated public policies is duplicated

EL DESARROLLO SUSTENTABLE Y LA INSTRUMENTACIÓN DE SU PARADIGMA EN MÉXICO

Since the late 1960s the discussion about the limits of growth fueled the development of sustainable development as a paradigm that has dominated strategies and policies, including the proposal in 2012 of Green Economies. Nonetheless, progress has not been achieved, among other reasons for the absence of integrated public policies. With a general perspective, the experience of Mexico’s federal public administration and recent planning instruments is revisited, including the creation of green jobs. With such analysis the conclusion about the importance of integrated public policies is duplicated

Freshwater Crustaceans Decadpos: An Important Resource of Guatemala

Guatemala is a mega diversity country because it has several ecosystems and the physiography has a high diversity. However, the local population uses this biodiversity as a natural resource of food mainly. The country had three main drainage slopes for their rivers and aquatic reservoirs with several basins (the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, and the Pacific Sea). In these slopes, crayfish, freshwater prawns, and crabs compose the aquatic biological resources. Several fieldtrips were performed around these slopes in order to identify the species which were used as natural aquatic resources and verify if the diversity supports the food needs of the local population. Our findings were that the country has at least four crayfish species of genus Procambarus spp., those living in the high and middle altitude areas. Five freshwater prawn species with abbreviated larval development of genus Macrobrachium, that is, Macrobrachium cemai were also found. The bigger species of Macrobrachium was also identified on the three slopes as Macrobrachium americanum, Macrobrachium tenellum, Macrobrachium occidentale, and Macrobrachium digueti on the Pacific slope, while on the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, Macrobrachium carcinus, Macrobrachium acanthurus, Macrobrachium heterochirus, Macrobrachium olfersii, and Macrobrachium hobbsi were recorded, and therefore, the nonnative species Macrobrachium rosenbergii; with respect to other shrimps, Palaemon pandaliformis, Palaemonetes octaviae, and atyids as Atya scabra and Potimirim glabra were found. According to the freshwater crabs, the Pseudothelphusidae family is the best to represent in comparison with Trichodactylidae where only one population was recorded. Also, we register the uses of these species around the main markets in the country and we found two main ways: the first one is for the bigger species of freshwater prawns and crabs that are offered very expensive in kilogram and are almost offered in restaurants as exclusive dishes. The second one is more for the local consumption, and many families of fishery species that include crayfishes, freshwater prawns with abbreviated larval development, and smaller crabs, and so on, are sometimes found in the markets, with the prices being cheaper and can be bought only by the local people. Our findings show that Guatemala has an enormous potential in the crustaceans decapods for use as natural aquatic resources as protein sources at low cost, especially for the families with low economical level

The Habitat Types of Freshwater Prawns (Palaemonidae: <em>Macrobrachium</em>) with Abbreviated Larval Development in Mesoamerica (Mexico, Guatemala and Belize)

The freshwater prawns of genus Macrobrachium with abbreviated larval development have been reported from a diversity of freshwater habitats (caves, springs and primary streams from so-long basins). Here we analysed 360 sites around the Mesoamerican region (Mexico, Guatemala and Belize). At each site, we measured temperature, salinity oxygen dissolved, pH, altitude and water flow velocity values. We documented the riparian vegetation and occurrence and abundance of Macrobrachium populations. All these values were analysed by multi-dimensional scaling and principal components analysis in order to identify key features of the environmental data that determine the habitat types and habitat diversity. The results show that there are Macrobrachium populations in 70 sites inhabiting two main habitats: Lotic and Lentic; and each one have fours subhabitat types. All are defined by altitude range and water velocity that involve the temperature and oxygen variables. In some specific areas, the karstic values on salinity and pH defined some groups. Within the lentic habitats, we identified the following subhabitats: (1) temperate streams, (2) neutral streams, (3) high dissolved oxygen, (4) multifactorial; and for lotic habitats, we identified: (5) water high carbonate, (6) moderate dissolved oxygen, (7) low dissolved oxygen, and (8) high altitude streams. All these subhabitats are located on the drainage basin to the Atlantic Sea, including places from 50 to 850 meters above sea levels and have specifically ranges from temperature, water velocity, pH and salinity for some cases. Also, the geological analysis from the basins where the Macrobrachium inhabit is located showed that the geological faults align with these habitat subdivisions. In this chapter, we discuss the environmental heterogeneity, morphological plasticity and their relationship to physiographic regions across the species ranges

Freshwater Prawns (Palaemonidae: Macrobrachium) with Abbreviated Larval Development in Rivers of Mexico: Uses, Management, and Conservation Opportunities

The Macrobrachium genus in Mexico is represented by two big groups: the first one, where the larval stages are extended, and the second one, has an abbreviated larval development. There are three main slopes in Mexico or exorheic basins and several endorheic basins such as lakes and inner lagoons. The species with extended larval stage are M. carcinus, M. heterochirus, M. acanthurus, M. olfersii, M. hobbsi, and M. faustinum in the Atlantic and Caribbean slope, while in the Pacific slope, these species are M. americanum, M. occidentale, M. digueti, M. michoacanus, M. acanthochirus, and M. tenellum. These species have important fishery activities on different basins because they live from oasis in desert to main rivers in the bigger basins. However, there are some rivers that have an extended region on their upstream such as Usumacinta, Grijalva, Papaloapan, and Coatzacoalcos basins that in general are considered as hydrological regions. Just in these extended regions, there are more caves in freshwater, springs, and primary or secondary streams, which are covered by short area rivers, and in these places, there are the following species: M. totonacum, M. tuxtlaense, M. oaxacae, M. cosolapaense, M. oaxacae, M. jacatepecense, M. mazatecum, and M. vicconi, while in the cave are M. villalobosi, M. acherontium, and M. sbordonii. However, for these species, the uses are more for the local groups mainly indigenous cultures such as Mayan, Lacandon, Zapotecs and Mixtecs, and others, and their commercial use is only in the local region depending on where these species are distributed

Phylogenetic evidence from freshwater crayfishes that cave adaptation is not an evolutionary dead-end.

Caves are perceived as isolated, extreme habitats with a uniquely specialized biota, which long ago led to the idea that caves are evolutionary dead-ends. This implies that cave-adapted taxa may be doomed for extinction before they can diversify or transition to a more stable state. However, this hypothesis has not been explicitly tested in a phylogenetic framework with multiple independently evolved cave-dwelling groups. Here, we use the freshwater crayfish, a group with dozens of cave-dwelling species in multiple lineages, as a system to test this hypothesis. We consider historical patterns of lineage diversification and habitat transition as well as current patterns of geographic range size. We find that while cave-dwelling lineages have small relative range sizes and rarely transition back to the surface, they exhibit remarkably similar diversification patterns to those of other habitat types and appear to be able to maintain a diversity of lineages through time. This suggests that cave adaptation is not a dead-end for freshwater crayfish, which has positive implications for our understanding of biodiversity and conservation in cave habitats

Cryphiops sbordonii Baldari, Mejía-Ortíz & López-Mejía, 2010, sp.nov.

Cryphiops sbordonii sp.nov. figs. 2–4 Holotype. Male (Fig. 2 A), (CL) = 25 mm, 0 1 March 2001; V. Sbordoni leg.; Cueva Chamburro, Las Margaritas, Chiapas, Mexico (16 ° 25 ’ 57 ” N 91 ° 56 ’ 40 ” W); CNCR 25106 Allotype. Female (Fig. 2 B), CL= 22.5 mm, 0 1 March 2001; V. Sbordoni leg., same locality as holotype; CNCR 25107 Paratypes. 1 female, CL= 12.3 mm; 0 1 March 2001; V. Sbordoni, coll.; CNCR 25108. Description. Medium sized prawn, maximum total length 54.5 mm. Rostrum short, straight, tip not reaching the distal border of scaphocerite but almost reaching the third article of antennular peduncle; dorsal margin bearing 8 teeth, lack teeth in postorbital position and on ventral margin (fig 2 a). Live Cryphiops sbordonii sp. nov. is white, without pigment in the body. Carapace smooth, maximum length 25 mm, with only antennal spine; branchiostegal groove shallow. Abdomen smooth, pleura of first three somites broadly rounded (fig. 2 a & b). Posteroventral margin of fourth and fifth pleura rounded, all pleura bearing setae on ventral border. Sixth somite 1.5 times as long as fifth. Eyes reduced, cornea with a small apical black point, this point bearing facets (fig. 2 c). Antennules (Fig. 3 H) with short stylocerite on the proximal third of first peduncular segment. First antennular segment with acute distolateral spine and concave depression to fit eye. Second antennular segment semi-cylindrical, with sinuous distal margin and lateral row of long setae. Antennae (Fig. 3 F) with basicerite bearing short spine on internal margin. Scaphocerite 2.4 times as long as wide, distolateral spine short, widely separated from distal margin of main blade. Mandibles (Fig. 4 A) with 3 -segmented palp, first and second segments shorter than third segment; incisor process with 6 conical teeth, molar process with 7 wide, rounded teeth on mesial border. Maxillules (Fig. 4 B) with bilobed palp, distal lobe slender, with one setae on tip, proximal lobe blunt with two thick and short setae; anterior lacinia with six long setae on mesial margin, distal margin with a row of fine setae; posterior lacinia joint with anterior lacinia, straight, distal half covered with setae. Maxillae (Fig. 4 C) with scaphognathite bordered with plumose setae, anterior lobe narrower and longer than posterior one; palp without setae, tapering distally, strongly curved inwards; endite bilobed, divided by incision along distal third, both lobes with tuft of setae on the tip. First maxilliped (Fig. 4 D) with bilobed endite, bearing three seate along margin, and tuft of setae on surface of distal lobe. Exopod slender, 4.4 times as long as palp, distal third bearing long setae; palp simple, with two thick setae, shorter than endite; caridean lobe large, fused to base of exopod, bearing long, plumose setae all along margin. Second maxilliped (Fig. 4 E) subpediform, podobranch present, well developed; endopodite 4 -segmented, distal 2 segments oriented mesially, gnathal border with marginal setae and spines and submarginal setae; exopod slender, almost 1.5 time as long as endopod, tip bearing long, plumose setae (fig. 4 E). Third maxilliped (Fig. 4 F) pediform, slender, reaching beyond basal portion of antennal flagellum; arthrobranch present, well developed; coxa with rounded lateral projection. Endopod 3 -segmented, with abundant setae along ventral margin; first segment 1.5 times as long as second segment; second segment as long as third, distal margin ending in nail. Exopod slender, flat, almost the same length as the first segment of endopodite, bearing long setae distally. First pereiopods (Fig. 3 A) slender, smooth, with few tufts of setae on both fingers. Palm surpassing distal margin of scaphocerite; palm slightly compressed, as long as dactylus; carpus 1.75 times palm length, 1.12 times merus length. Second pereiopods (Fig. 3 B) subequal in size, without spines. Palm semi- cylindrical, 3.3 times as long as wide, with dispersed tufts of setae, 0.8 times dactylus length; carpus 1.19 times palm length, 0.8 times as long as merus; ischium 0.9 times merus length. Fingers not gaping, elongate, cutting margins covered with tufts of setae, fixed finger and dactylus without teeth. Propodus and dactylus of third pereiopod (Fig. 3 C) with several short setae. One row of 7 spines on ventral margin. Propodus 3 times length of dactylus, 2.05 times carpus length. Fourth pereiopods (Fig. 3 D), sparsely pilose; propodus 3.4 times dactylus length, 1.87 times as long as carpus; with one row of 9 movable spines on ventral margin of propodus, one pair of setae on propodus– dactylus articulation. Fifth pereiopods (Fig. 3 E) the longest. Propodus and carpus pilose; one longitudinal row of 12 movable spines, distal 4 close together, 1 spine on propodus–dactylus articulation; propodus 4 times dactylus length, 2.1 times carpus length. Appendix masculina (Fig. 3 G) 2 times length of appendix interna, inner margin with 10 pairs of spines. Telson (Fig. 4 G) 1.4 times longer than sixth somite, shorter than uropodal rami; bearing two pairs of dorsal spines, first pair in distal fifth, second pair in middle section with a single spine in the middle on left side; posterior margin broadly triangular bearing two pairs of lateral spines, inner pair 5 times longer than external one, with plumose setae between inner spines, center ending in acute tip. Etymology. This stygobitic shrimp is named in honor of its discoverer, Professor Valerio Sbordoni, who has greatly contributed to the knowledge of the cave fauna of Chiapas. Habitat. This species lives in the Cueva Chamburro, a cave system situated northeast of Las Margaritas, Chiapas, Mexico. The cave was explored and surveyed in March 2001, during one of the several expeditions led by Prof. V. Sbordoni. Description and topography of this cave have been reported by Pedicone – Cioffi (2004). The whole cave system is about 600 m long, and 90 m deep. From the entrance, located in the bottom of a wide doline, a steep descending passage 60 m deep leads to two galleries. The main gallery develops for around 400 m south-eastwards, housing series of rock pools and, in most of its development, a stream ending in a siphon. As reported by Prof. V. Sbordoni, shrimps have been collected along the stream, swimming in rather deep waters.Published as part of Baldari, Fabiola, Mejía-Ortíz, Luis M. & López-Mejía, Marilú, 2010, A new cave species of Cryphiops (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palaemonidae) from Southern Mexico, pp. 47-54 in Zootaxa 2427 on pages 48-52, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19463

FIGURE 4. Macrobrachium sbordonii new species, male holotype CNCR 25050. A in Macrobrachium sbordonii (Decapoda: Palaemonidae), a new stygobitic species of freshwater prawn from Chiapas Mexico

FIGURE 4. Macrobrachium sbordonii new species, male holotype CNCR 25050. A, right mandible; B, right maxillule; C, right maxilla; D, first maxilliped; E, second maxilliped; F, third maxilliped; G, telson and uropods. Scale bars represent: A–E, 2 mm; F–G, 5 mm