From protection to inclusion : Identifying the Challenges

This report has been developed in the context of the project BRIGHTER FUTURE: Innovative tools for developing full potential after early adversity, whose working team consists of the following entities: Comune di Torino (Italy), CORA (Spain), PAC UK/ Family Action (United Kingdom), Pharos Expertise Center on Health Disparities (Netherlands), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Spain), Università di Verona (Italy), University of Groningen (Netherlands). This report aims to identify and raise awareness about the specific challenges children face in school environments so that those challenges can be appropriately addressed. To that end, the team of the Erasmus+ project "BRIGHTER FUTURE: Innovative tools for developing full potential after early adversity" has contrasted what it is known from research with the experiences of stakeholders: youth who were under state guardianship in their childhood, adoptive and foster families, social workers who work in the child protection system, NGOs that work with families and unaccompanied migrant children, and teachers

Adaptação ao calor e desigualdades sociais em saúde em função do género, da idade e do território: Revisão de estudos na Espanha (1983-2018)

The health effects of climate change exacerbate existing health and social inequalities. Inequality exposes the most vulnerable populations, making them more vulnerable to damage and limiting their ability to adapt. In order to protect the population from the consequences of climate change it is necessary to understand the factors involved in adaptation processes. An indicator for assessing the adaptability to heat of a population is the Minimum Mortality Temperature (MMT). Its evolution over time makes it possible to know whether a population is adapting or not. The aim of this review of studies is to determine the adaptation of the Spanish population along three axes of inequality — territory, age and gender— between 1983 and 2018 by studying the evolution of the MMT and comparing it to the evolution of the maximum daily temperature. The Spanish population showed in general adaptation to heat, although geographical differences were found. At the territorial level, non-urban provinces showed greater adaptation than urban provinces. With respect to gender differences, women showed greater adaptability than men. In addition, the elderly also showed adaptability. It is necessary to understand which factors influence adaptation in order to design measures for reducing the impact of high temperatures on —especially— groups affected by social inequalities in health.Los efectos del cambio climático sobre la salud exacerban las desigualdades sanitarias y sociales existentes. La desigualdad expone a las poblaciones más vulnerables, haciéndolas más vulnerables a los daños y limitando su capacidad de adaptación. Para proteger a la población de las consecuencias del cambio climático es necesario conocer los factores que intervienen en los procesos de adaptación. Un indicador que permite evaluar la capacidad de adaptación al calor de una población es la Temperatura Mínima Mortalidad (TMM). A través de su evolución a lo largo del tiempo permite conocer si una población muestra adaptación o no. Se propone a través de esta revisión de estudios, conocer la adaptación de población en España en función de tres ejes de desigualdad como son el territorio, la edad y el género entre 1983 a 2018 mediante el análisis de la evolución de la TMM y su comparación con la evolución de la temperatura máxima diaria. La población española en general mostró adaptación al calor, si bien se encontraron diferencias geográficas. A nivel de territorio las provincias no urbanas mostraron una mayor adaptación que las provincias urbanas. Con respecto a las diferencias por género, las mujeres mostraron mayor capacidad de adaptación frente a los hombres. Asimismo, las personas mayores también mostraron capacidad de adaptación. Es necesario entender qué factores influyen en la adaptación para articular medidas que reduzcan el impacto de las altas temperaturas, sobre todo en colectivos que presentan desigualdades sociales en salud.Os efeitos das alterações climáticas na saúde exacerbam as desigualdades sociais e de saúde existentes. A desigualdade expõe as populações mais vulneráveis, tornando-as mais vulneráveis a danos e limitando a sua capacidade de adaptação. Para proteger a população das consequências das alterações climáticas, é necessário conhecer os fatores que intervêm nos processos de adaptação. Um indicador que permite avaliar a capacidade de adaptação ao calor de uma população é a Temperatura de Mortalidade Mínima (TMM). Através da sua evolução ao longo do tempo, permite saber se uma população apresenta adaptação ou não. Propõe-se através desta revisão de estudos, conhecer a adaptação da população na Espanha com base em três eixos de desigualdade como são o território, a idade e o género entre, 1983 a 2018, através da análise da evolução da TMM e a sua comparação com a evolução da temperatura máxima diária. A população espanhola em geral mostrou adaptação ao calor, embora tenham sido encontradas diferenças geográficas. Ao nível do território, as províncias não urbanas mostraram maior adaptação do que as províncias urbanas. Em relação às diferenças por género, as mulheres apresentaram maior capacidade de adaptação em relação aos homens. Da mesma forma, os idosos também demonstraram capacidade de adaptação. É necessário compreender quais os fatores que influenciam na adaptação para articular medidas que reduzam o impacto das altas temperaturas, principalmente em grupos que apresentam desigualdades sociais em saúde

La adaptación al calor y las desigualdades sociales en salud en función del género, la edad y el territorio: Revisión de estudios en España (1983-2018)

Los efectos del cambio climático sobre la salud exacerban las desigualdades sanitarias y sociales existentes. La desigualdad expone a las poblaciones más vulnerables, haciéndolas más vulnerables a los daños y limitando su capacidad de adaptación. Para proteger a la población de las consecuencias del cambio climático es necesario conocer los factores que intervienen en los procesos de adaptación. Un indicador que permite evaluar la capacidad de adaptación al calor de una población es la Temperatura Mínima Mortalidad (TMM). A través de su evolución a lo largo del tiempo permite conocer si una población muestra adaptación o no. Se propone a través de esta revisión de estudios, conocer la adaptación de población en España en función de tres ejes de desigualdad como son el territorio, la edad y el género entre 1983 a 2018 mediante el análisis de la evolución de la TMM y su comparación con la evolución de la temperatura máxima diaria. La población española en general mostró adaptación al calor, si bien se encontraron diferencias geográficas. A nivel de territorio las provincias no urbanas mostraron una mayor adaptación que las provincias urbanas. Con respecto a las diferencias por género, las mujeres mostraron mayor capacidad de adaptación frente a los hombres. Asimismo, las personas mayores también mostraron capacidad de adaptación. Es necesario entender qué factores influyen en la adaptación para articular medidas que reduzcan el impacto de las altas temperaturas, sobre todo en colectivos que presentan desigualdades sociales en salud

Unusually thick dinosaur eggshell fragments from the Spanish Late Cretaceous

[EN] Fieldwork carried out recently in the southeastern branch of the Iberian Range (Valencia Province, Spain) has led to the collection of a large volume of dinosaur eggshell fragments of unusual thickness. These specimens, up to 4.9 mm thick, were recovered from palustrine grey marls of the upper Campanian-lower Maastrichtian Sierra Perenchiza Formation, which comprises a wetland paleoenvironment deposit. These eggshell fragments have a characteristic compactituberculate ornamentation, dinosauroid-spherulitic organisation, and exhibit a complex canaliculate respiratory system. The external tuberculate surface of the shell as well as the internal microstructure enable referral to Megaloolithus aff. siruguei, the most common megaloolithid oospecies known from the Iberian Peninsula and southern France. The biostratigraphic range of M. siruguei matches the temporal distribution of titanosaurid dinosaurs across the Iberian Range, tentatively considered to be potential producers.This work was supported by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad of Spain [Secretaria de Estado de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion, projects CGL2013-47521-P and CGL2014-53548-P]Company Rodríguez, J. (2017). Unusually thick dinosaur eggshell fragments from the Spanish Late Cretaceous. Historical Biology (Online). 31(2):203-210. https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2017.1357717S203210312Allain, R., & Suberbiola, X. P. (2003). Dinosaurs of France. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 2(1), 27-44. doi:10.1016/s1631-0683(03)00002-2Bravo, A. M., & Gaete, R. (2014). Titanosaur eggshells from the Tremp Formation (Upper Cretaceous, Southern Pyrenees, Spain). Historical Biology, 27(8), 1079-1089. doi:10.1080/08912963.2014.934231Canudo, J. I., Oms, O., Vila, B., Galobart, À., Fondevilla, V., Puértolas-Pascual, E., … Blanco, A. (2016). The upper Maastrichtian dinosaur fossil record from the southern Pyrenees and its contribution to the topic of the Cretaceous–Palaeogene mass extinction event. Cretaceous Research, 57, 540-551. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.06.013Cruzado-Caballero, P., Ruiz-Omeñaca, J. I., Gaete, R., Riera, V., Oms, O., & Canudo, J. I. (2013). A new hadrosaurid dentary from the latest Maastrichtian of the Pyrenees (north Spain) and the high diversity of the duck-billed dinosaurs of the Ibero-Armorican Realm at the very end of the Cretaceous. Historical Biology, 26(5), 619-630. doi:10.1080/08912963.2013.822867Chiappe, L. M., Coria, R. A., Dingus, L., Jackson, F., Chinsamy, A., & Fox, M. (1998). Sauropod dinosaur embryos from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. Nature, 396(6708), 258-261. doi:10.1038/24370Company J. 2004. Vertebrados continentales del Cretácico superior (Campaniense-Maastrichtiense) de Valencia [PhD dissertation]. Valencia: Universidad de Valencia.Company, J., & Szentesi, Z. (2012). Amphibians from the Late Cretaceous Sierra Perenchiza Formation of the Chera Basin, Valencia Province, Spain. Cretaceous Research, 37, 240-245. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.04.003Csiki-Sava, Z., Buffetaut, E., Ősi, A., Pereda-Suberbiola, X., & Brusatte, S. L. (2015). Island life in the Cretaceous - faunal composition, biogeography, evolution, and extinction of land-living vertebrates on the Late Cretaceous European archipelago. ZooKeys, 469, 1-161. doi:10.3897/zookeys.469.8439Erben, H. K., Hoefs, J., & Wedepohl, K. H. (1979). Paleobiological and isotopic studies of eggshells from a declining dinosaur species. Paleobiology, 5(4), 380-414. doi:10.1017/s0094837300016900García, R. A. (2007). An «egg-tooth»–like structure in titanosaurian sauropod embryos. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 27(1), 247-252. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[247:aesits]2.0.co;2Garcia, G., & Vianey-Liaud, M. (2001). Dinosaur eggshells as biochronological markers in Upper Cretaceous continental deposits. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 169(1-2), 153-164. doi:10.1016/s0031-0182(01)00215-2Grellet-Tinner, G., Chiappe, L. M., & Coria, R. (2004). Eggs of titanosaurid sauropods from the Upper Cretaceous of Auca Mahuevo (Argentina). Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 41(8), 949-960. doi:10.1139/e04-049Grigorescu, D., Garcia, G., Csiki, Z., Codrea, V., & Bojar, A.-V. (2010). Uppermost Cretaceous megaloolithid eggs from the Haţeg Basin, Romania, associated with hadrosaur hatchlings: Search for explanation. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 293(3-4), 360-374. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.03.031Izquierdo LA, Montero D, Pérez G, Urién V, Meijide M. 2001. Macroestructura de huevos de dinosaurios en el Cretácico superior de “La Rosaca” (Burgos, España). Actas de las I Jornadas Internacionales Sobre Paleontología de Dinosaurios y su Entorno. Ed. Colectivo Arqueológico y Paleontológico de Salas. Salas de los Infantes. p. 389–395.Jackson FD. 2007. Titanosaur reproductive biology: comparison of the Auca Mahuevo Titanosaur nesting locality (Argentina), to the Pinyes Megaloolithus nesting locality (Spain) [PhD dissertation]. Bozeman (MT): Montana State University.Jackson, F. D., Garrido, A., Schmitt, J. G., Chiappe, L. M., Dingus, L., & Loope, D. B. (2004). Abnormal, multilayered titanosaur (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) eggs from in situ clutches at the Auca Mahuevo locality, Neuquen Province, Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 24(4), 913-922. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0913:amtdse]2.0.co;2Jackson, F. D., Varricchio, D. J., Jackson, R. A., Vila, B., & Chiappe, L. M. (2008). Comparison of water vapor conductance in a titanosaur egg from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina and a Megaloolithus siruguei egg from Spain. Paleobiology, 34(2), 229-246. doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2008)034[0229:cowvci]2.0.co;2López-Martı́nez, N., Moratalla, J. J., & Sanz, J. L. (2000). Dinosaurs nesting on tidal flats. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 160(1-2), 153-163. doi:10.1016/s0031-0182(00)00063-8Mohabey, D. M. (1998). Systematics of Indian Upper Cretaceous dinosaur and chelonian eggshells. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 18(2), 348-362. doi:10.1080/02724634.1998.10011063Moratalla JJ. 1993. Restos indirectos de dinosaurios del registro español: paleoicnología de la Cuenca de (Jurásico superior-Cretácico inferior) y paleoología del Cretácico superior [PhD dissertation]. Madrid: Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.Moreno-Azanza, M., Bauluz, B., Canudo, J. I., Gasca, J. M., & Torcida Fernández-Baldor, F. (2016). Combined Use of Electron and Light Microscopy Techniques Reveals False Secondary Shell Units in Megaloolithidae Eggshells. PLOS ONE, 11(5), e0153026. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153026Moreno-Azanza, M., Bauluz, B., Canudo, J. I., Puértolas-Pascual, E., & Sellés, A. G. (2013). A re-evaluation of aff. Megaloolithidae eggshell fragments from the uppermost Cretaceous of the Pyrenees and implications for crocodylomorph eggshell structure. Historical Biology, 26(2), 195-205. doi:10.1080/08912963.2013.786067Oms, O., Dinarès-Turell, J., Vicens, E., Estrada, R., Vila, B., Galobart, À., & Bravo, A. M. (2007). Integrated stratigraphy from the Vallcebre Basin (southeastern Pyrenees, Spain): New insights on the continental Cretaceous−Tertiary transition in southwest Europe. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 255(1-2), 35-47. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.02.039Ortega, F., Bardet, N., Barroso-Barcenilla, F., Callapez, P. M., Cambra-Moo, O., Daviero- Gómez, V., … Sanz, J. L. (2015). The biota of the Upper Cretaceous site of «Lo Hueco» (Cuenca, Spain). Journal of Iberian Geology, 41(1). doi:10.5209/rev_jige.2015.v41.n1.48657Rasskin-Gutman, D., Elez, J., Esteve-Altava, B., & López-Martínez, N. (2020). Reconstruction of the internal structure of the pore system of a complex dinosaur eggshell (Megaloolithus siruguei). Spanish Journal of Palaeontology, 28(1), 61. doi:10.7203/sjp.28.1.17831Riera, V., Oms, O., Gaete, R., & Galobart, À. (2009). The end-Cretaceous dinosaur succession in Europe: The Tremp Basin record (Spain). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 283(3-4), 160-171. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.09.018Sellés, A. G., Bravo, A. M., Delclòs, X., Colombo, F., Martí, X., Ortega-Blanco, J., … Galobart, À. (2013). Dinosaur eggs in the Upper Cretaceous of the Coll de Nargó area, Lleida Province, south-central Pyrenees, Spain: Oodiversity, biostratigraphy and their implications. Cretaceous Research, 40, 10-20. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.05.004Tanaka, K., & Zelenitsky, D. K. (2014). Comparisons between experimental and morphometric water vapor conductance in the eggs of extant birds and crocodiles: implications for predicting nest type in dinosaurs. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 92(12), 1049-1058. doi:10.1139/cjz-2014-0078Vianey-Liaud, M., Khosla, A., & Garcia, G. (2003). Relationships between European and Indian dinosaur eggs and eggshells of the oofamily Megaloolithidae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 23(3), 575-585. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2003)023[0575:rbeaid]2.0.co;2Vianey-Liaud, M., & Lopez-Martinez, N. (1997). Late Cretaceous dinosaur eggshells from the Tremp Basin, southern Pyrenees, Lleida, Spain. Journal of Paleontology, 71(6), 1157-1171. doi:10.1017/s002233600003609xVila, B., Galobart, À., Canudo, J. I., Le Loeuff, J., Dinarès-Turell, J., Riera, V., … Gaete, R. (2012). The diversity of sauropod dinosaurs and their first taxonomic succession from the latest Cretaceous of southwestern Europe: Clues to demise and extinction. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 350-352, 19-38. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.06.008(2010). Lethaia, 43(2). doi:10.1111/let.2010.43.issue-2Vila, B., Jackson, F. D., Fortuny, J., Sellés, A. G., & Galobart, À. (2010). 3-D Modelling of Megaloolithid Clutches: Insights about Nest Construction and Dinosaur Behaviour. PLoS ONE, 5(5), e10362. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010362Vila, B., Riera, V., Bravo, A. M., Oms, O., Vicens, E., Estrada, R., & Galobart, À. (2011). The chronology of dinosaur oospecies in south-western Europe: Refinements from the Maastrichtian succession of the eastern Pyrenees. Cretaceous Research, 32(3), 378-386. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2011.01.009Vila, B., Sellés, A. G., & Brusatte, S. L. (2016). Diversity and faunal changes in the latest Cretaceous dinosaur communities of southwestern Europe. Cretaceous Research, 57, 552-564. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.07.003Vissers, R. L. M., & Meijer, P. T. (2012). Iberian plate kinematics and Alpine collision in the Pyrenees. Earth-Science Reviews, 114(1-2), 61-83. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.05.001Wright, V. P., & Platt, N. H. (1995). Seasonal wetland carbonate sequences and dynamic catenas: a re-appraisal of palustrine limestones. Sedimentary Geology, 99(2), 65-71. doi:10.1016/0037-0738(95)00080-

De la protección a la inclusión : las personas con experiencias de adopción, acogimiento familiar y residencial en los centros educativos

Este manual ha sido desarrollado en el contexto del proyecto "BRIGTHER FUTURE: Innovative tools for developing full potential after early adversity", financiado por el Programa Erasmus+ de la Comisión Europea y cuyo equipo de trabajo está integrado por las siguientes entidades: Comune di Torino (Italia); CORA (España); PAC UK/ Family Action (Reino Unido); Pharos Expertise Center on Health Disparities (Holanda); Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (España); Università di Verona (Italia); University of Groningen (Holanda).Comprender las diferentes trayectorias de vida y situaciones familiares es clave para maestras, maestros, educadoras y educadores cuando los niñas y niños que viven en acogimiento (incluidos las y los migrantes no acompañadas) y las niñas y niños adoptadas. Este manual proporciona información y herramientas útiles para hacer de la escuela un lugar seguro para todas las niñas y niños, independientemente de su situación familiar

Analysis of Gene Order Conservation in Eukaryotes Identifies Transcriptionally and Functionally Linked Genes

The order of genes in eukaryotes is not entirely random. Studies of gene order conservation are important to understand genome evolution and to reveal mechanisms why certain neighboring genes are more difficult to separate during evolution. Here, genome-wide gene order information was compiled for 64 species, representing a wide variety of eukaryotic phyla. This information is presented in a browser where gene order may be displayed and compared between species. Factors related to non-random gene order in eukaryotes were examined by considering pairs of neighboring genes. The evolutionary conservation of gene pairs was studied with respect to relative transcriptional direction, intergenic distance and functional relationship as inferred by gene ontology. The results show that among gene pairs that are conserved the divergently and co-directionally transcribed genes are much more common than those that are convergently transcribed. Furthermore, highly conserved pairs, in particular those of fungi, are characterized by a short intergenic distance. Finally, gene pairs of metazoa and fungi that are evolutionary conserved and that are divergently transcribed are much more likely to be related by function as compared to poorly conserved gene pairs. One example is the ribosomal protein gene pair L13/S16, which is unusual as it occurs both in fungi and alveolates. A specific functional relationship between these two proteins is also suggested by the fact that they are part of the same operon in both eubacteria and archaea. In conclusion, factors associated with non-random gene order in eukaryotes include relative gene orientation, intergenic distance and functional relationships. It seems likely that certain pairs of genes are conserved because the genes involved have a transcriptional and/or functional relationship. The results also indicate that studies of gene order conservation aid in identifying genes that are related in terms of transcriptional control

Yeasts associated with the production of distilled alcoholic beverages

Distilled alcoholic beverages are produced firstly by fermenting sugars emanating from cereal starches (in the case of whiskies), sucrose-rich plants (in the case of rums), fructooligosaccharide-rich plants (in the case of tequila) or from fruits (in the case of brandies). Traditionally, such fermentations were conducted in a spontaneous fashion, relying on indigenous microbiota, including wild yeasts. In modern practices, selected strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are employed to produce high levels of ethanol together with numerous secondary metabolites (eg. higher alcohols, esters, carbonyls etc.) which greatly influence the final flavour and aroma characteristics of spirits following distillation of the fermented wash. Therefore, distillers, like winemakers, must carefully choose their yeast strain which will be very important in providing the alcohol content and the sensory profiles of spirit beverages. This Chapter discusses yeast and fermentation aspects associated with the production of selected distilled spirits and highlights similarities and differences with the production of wine

Estimating Contact Process Saturation in Sylvatic Transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi in the United States

Although it has been known for nearly a century that strains of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent for Chagas' disease, are enzootic in the southern U.S., much remains unknown about the dynamics of its transmission in the sylvatic cycles that maintain it, including the relative importance of different transmission routes. Mathematical models can fill in gaps where field and lab data are difficult to collect, but they need as inputs the values of certain key demographic and epidemiological quantities which parametrize the models. In particular, they determine whether saturation occurs in the contact processes that communicate the infection between the two populations. Concentrating on raccoons, opossums, and woodrats as hosts in Texas and the southeastern U.S., and the vectors Triatoma sanguisuga and Triatoma gerstaeckeri, we use an exhaustive literature review to derive estimates for fundamental parameters, and use simple mathematical models to illustrate a method for estimating infection rates indirectly based on prevalence data. Results are used to draw conclusions about saturation and which population density drives each of the two contact-based infection processes (stercorarian/bloodborne and oral). Analysis suggests that the vector feeding process associated with stercorarian transmission to hosts and bloodborne transmission to vectors is limited by the population density of vectors when dealing with woodrats, but by that of hosts when dealing with raccoons and opossums, while the predation of hosts on vectors which drives oral transmission to hosts is limited by the population density of hosts. Confidence in these conclusions is limited by a severe paucity of data underlying associated parameter estimates, but the approaches developed here can also be applied to the study of other vector-borne infections