Diseño hidráulico de la primera fase de la red de alcantarillado del casco urbano del municipio de Chipaque

Trabajo de investigaciónLas redes sanitarias y pluviales son consideradas como unos de los servicios básicos indispensables en una comunidad. Cuando se hace un diseño adecuado de las redes y se realiza el tratamiento correcto de las aguas, se pueden minimizar riesgos de salubridad y mortalidad ocasionadas por el manejo inadecuado de las mismas. El municipio de Chipaque cuenta con 188 tramos de alcantarillado existentes, de los cuales cuatro tramos deben ser rediseñados por presentar fallas en sus diseños, 24 deben ser remplazados por no cumplir con la capacidad hidráulica del municipio y 52 deben ser revisados por el municipio. Este documento tiene como finalidad presentar una alternativa de modelación y diseño de las redes sanitarias y pluviales en el casco urbano del municipio de Chipaque, Cundinamarca. La línea de investigación de este proyecto es hidráulica, la cual permite la comprensión de múltiples problemáticas y la capacidad para emplear métodos contrastados y conocido, además de la efectividad para realizar estudios y diseños de sus redes de alcantarillado de aguas servidas y pluviales.RESUMEN 1. INTRODUCCIÓN 2. GENERALIDADES DEL TRABAJO DE GRADO 3. MARCOS DE REFERENCIA 4. METODOLOGÍA 5. CÁLCULOS 6. CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES 7. REGISTRO FOTOGRÁFICO 8. BIBLIOGRAFÍA 9. WEB GRAFÍA 10. ANEXOSEspecializaciónEspecialista en Recursos Hídrico

Chromosome 10 in the tomato plant carries clusters of genes responsible for field resistance/defence to Phytophthora infestans

AbstractThe main objective of the present study was to reanalyse tomato expression data that was previously submitted to the Tomato Expression Database to dissect the resistance/defence genomic and metabolic responses of tomato to Phytophthora infestans under field conditions. Overrepresented gene sets belonging to chromosome 10 were identified using the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, and we found that these genes tend to be located towards the end of the chromosome 10. An analysis of syntenic regions between Arabidopsis thaliana chromosomes and the tomato chromosome 10 allowed us to identify conserved regions in the two genomes. In addition to allowing for the identification of tomato candidate genes participating in resistance/defence in the field, this approach allowed us to investigate the relationships of the candidate genes with chromosomal position and participation in metabolic functions, thus offering more insight into the phenomena occurring during the infection process

Joint transcriptomic analysis of lung cancer and other lung diseases

Q2Q1Completo1-18Background: Epidemiological and clinical evidence points cancer comorbidity with pulmonary chronic disease. The acquisition of some hallmarks of cancer by cells affected with lung pathologies as a cell adaptive mechanism to a shear stress, suggests that could be associated with the establishment of tumoral processes. Objective: To propose a bioinformatic pipeline for the identification of all deregulated genes and the transcriptional regulators (TFs) that are coexpressed during lung cancer establishment, and therefore could be important for the acquisition of the hallmarks of cancer. Methods: Ten microarray datasets (six of lung cancer, four of lung diseases) comparing normal and diseases-related lung tissue were selected to identify hub differentiated expressed genes (DEGs) in common between lung pathologies and lung cancer, along with transcriptional regulators through the utilization of specialized libraries from R language. DAVID bioinformatics tool for gene enrichment analyses was used to identify genes with experimental evidence associated to tumoral processes and signaling pathways. Coexpression networks of DEGs and TFs in lung cancer establishment were created with Coexnet library, and a survival analysis of the main hub genes was made. Results: Two hundred ten DEGs were identified in common between lung cancer and other lung diseases related to the acquisition of tumoral characteristics, which are coexpressed in a lung cancer network with TFs, suggesting that could be related to the establishment of the tumoral pathology in lung. The comparison of the coexpression networks of lung cancer and other lung diseases allowed the identification of common connectivity patterns (CCPs) with DEGs and TFs correlated to important tumoral processes and signaling pathways, that haven´t been studied to experimentally validate their role in the early stages of lung cancer. Some of the TFs identified showed a correlation between its expression levels and the survival of lung cancer patients. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that lung diseases share genes with lung cancer which are coexpressed in lung cancer, and might be able to explain the epidemiological observations that point to direct and inverse comorbid associations between some chronic lung diseases and lung cancer and represent a complex transcriptomic scenario

RUNX family : oncogenes or tumor suppressors (Review)

Q2Q13-19Runt‑related transcription factor (RUNX) proteins belong to a transcription factors family known as master regulators of important embryonic developmental programs. In the last decade, the whole family has been implicated in the regulation of different oncogenic processes and signaling pathways associated with cancer. Furthermore, a suppressor tumor function has been also reported, suggesting the RUNX family serves key role in all different types of cancer. In this review, the known biological characteristics, specific regulatory abilities and experimental evidence of RUNX proteins will be analyzed to demonstrate their oncogenic potential and tumor suppressor abilities during oncogenic processes, suggesting their importance as biomarkers of cancer. Additionally, the importance of continuing with the molecular studies of RUNX proteins' and its dual functions in cancer will be underlined in order to apply it in the future development of specific diagnostic methods and therapies against different types of cancer

Determination du rôle de certaines peptidases bacteriennes par inference a partir de donnees heterogenes et incompletes

The determination of the role of proteins is at the origin of most biological studies. It becomes currently more important since the advent of genome sequencing, which provides a great number of proteins of unknown roles. The sequencing of new genomes allows at the same time to obtain high-throughput post-genomic data as for example microarrays data. It allows also the construction of phylogenetic profiles. The approach we have used, couples statistics and biology and integrates this post-genomic data in order to predict and further validate the role of putative proteolytic enzymes of Lactococcus lactis. We worked in three different steps. First, we did a statistical inference of the predicted relationships between proteins of lactococci based on five different data sources: the graph of metabolic pathways, microarray data, phylogenetic profiles and the distance between genes in terms of base pairs on the chromosome and proteomic data from 2D gels. These relationships allowed us to pose biological hypotheses on the role of target proteins. Second, we carried out wet-lab experiments to validate the predictions comparing the wild type strain to knock-out mutants of PepF and YvjB. The third step consisted of a sensitivity analysis with the aim to outline the most important data in terms of contribution to the relationship prediction of our target proteins and to find a subset of data leading to the same predictions. Applied to two proteolytic enzymes of lactococci, PepF and YvjB, this approach allowed us to validate their participation in protein export predicted by the statistical analysis. We have shown that PepF participates in the export of proteins liberated in the supernatant by the hydrolysis of the signal peptide, which is cleaved by the signal peptidase I. PepF participates also in the synthesis of the cell wall and pyruvate metabolism, two functions also predicted by the statistical analysis. YvjB participates in the localization and maturation of lipoproteins, another group of exported proteins. It is necessary for the correct localization of certain lipoproteins and participates in their signal peptide cleavage. Our approach has shown to be very useful, as it allows to pose biological hypotheses that guide experimental validations. Moreover, this approach is applicable to all completely sequenced organisms for which enough post-genomic data is available.La détermination du rôle des protéines est à l'origine de la plupart des études biologiques. Elle est encore plus d'actualité depuis l'avènement du séquençage des génomes qui fournit des protéines de rôle inconnu en grande quantité. Le séquençage de nouveaux génomes a permis, par ailleurs, l'obtention de données post-génomiques à haut débit comme les données transciptomique. Il a permis également la construction de données comme les profils phylogénétiques. L'approche que nous avons utilisée, mêlant statistiques et biologie, intègre ces données post-génomiques pour prédire puis valider le rôle de protéines protéolytiques chez Lactococcus lactis. Nous avons procédé en trois étapes réalisant, dans un premier temps, une inférence statistique des liens prédits entre protéines du lactocoque basée sur cinq sources de données distinctes : le graphe des voies métaboliques, des données transcriptomiques, des profils phylogénétiques, des distances entre gènes en paires de bases et des données protéomiques issues de gels 2D. Ces liens nous ont permis de émettre des hypothèses biologiques sur le rôle de protéines cibles. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons réalisé des expériences de laboratoire pour valider les prédictions comparant la souche sauvage aux mutants de délétion de PepF et YvjB. La troisième étape de ce travail a consisté à réaliser une analyse de sensibilité dans le but de souligner les données qui ont contribuées le plus aux prédictions et de trouver un sous-ensemble de données aboutissant aux mêmes prédictions. Appliquée à deux enzymes protéolytiques potentielles du lactocoque, PepF et YvjB, cette approche nous a permis de vérifier leur participation dans l'export de protéines telle qu'elle avait été prédite par l'analyse statistique. Nous avons montré que PepF participe à l'export de protéines libérées dans le milieu extérieur (protéines sécrétées) en hydrolysant le peptide signal libéré par la signal peptidase I. PepF participe par ailleurs aussi à la synthèse de la paroi cellulaire et au métabolisme du pyruvate, fonctions aussi prédites par l'analyse statistique. YvjB participe à la mise en place et la maturation d'un autre groupe de protéines exportées, les lipoprotéines. Elle est nécessaire pour la localisation correcte de certaines lipoprotéines et participe au clivage de leur peptide signal. Notre approche s'est avérée très utile dans la mesure où elle permet d'émettre des hypothèses biologiques qui guident les validations expérimentales. Par ailleurs, cette démarche est applicable à tout organisme entièrement séquencé pour lequel suffisamment de données post-génomiques sont disponibles

Construction and comparison of gene co-expression networks shows complex plant immune responses

Gene co-expression networks (GCNs) are graphic representations that depict the coordinated transcription of genes in response to certain stimuli. GCNs provide functional annotations of genes whose function is unknown and are further used in studies of translational functional genomics among species. In this work, a methodology for the reconstruction and comparison of GCNs is presented. This approach was applied using gene expression data that were obtained from immunity experiments in Arabidopsis thaliana, rice, soybean, tomato and cassava. After the evaluation of diverse similarity metrics for the GCN reconstruction, we recommended the mutual information coefficient measurement and a clustering coefficient-based method for similarity threshold selection. To compare GCNs, we proposed a multivariate approach based on the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Branches of plant immunity that were exemplified by each experiment were analyzed in conjunction with the PCA results, suggesting both the robustness and the dynamic nature of the cellular responses. The dynamic of molecular plant responses produced networks with different characteristics that are differentiable using our methodology. The comparison of GCNs from plant pathosystems, showed that in response to similar pathogens plants could activate conserved signaling pathways. The results confirmed that the closeness of GCNs projected on the principal component space is an indicative of similarity among GCNs. This also can be used to understand global patterns of events triggered during plant immune responses