Interdependence between training and magnetization reversal in granular Co-CoO exchange bias systems

The interdependence between training and magnetization reversal in granular Co-CoO exchange bias (EB) systems prepared byOion implantation inCo thin films is demonstrated by polarized neutron reflectometry. While high-fluence O-implanted thin films show reduced relative training values and no asymmetry in magnetization reversal (all reversals take place by domain wall nucleation and motion), low-fluence O ion implantation results in an increased relative training and a magnetization reversal asymmetry between the first descending and the first ascending branches. Whereas the untrained decreasing field reversal occurs mainly by domain wall nucleation and motion, traces of a domain rotation contribution are evidenced in the increasing field reversal. This is explained by the evolution of the CoO structure and the contribution of the out-of-plane magnetization with ion implantation. The amount of incorporated O, which determines the threshold between both behaviors, is around 20 at.%. This reveals that the interdependence between training and magnetization reversal is insensitive to the morphology of the constituents (i.e., granular or layered), indicating that this is an intrinsic EB effect, which can be conveniently tailored by the interplay between the intrinsic properties of the investigated materials and ion implantation

Staging Parkinson’s Disease Combining Motor and Nonmotor Symptoms Correlates with Disability and Quality of Life

COPPADIS Study Group.[Introduction] In a degenerative disorder such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), it is important to establish clinical stages that allow to know the course of the disease. Our aim was to analyze whether a scale combining Hoehn and Yahr’s motor stage (H&Y) and the nonmotor symptoms burden (NMSB) (assessed by the nonmotor symptoms scale (NMSS)) provides information about the disability and the patient’s quality of life (QoL) with regard to a defined clinical stage.[Materials and Methods] Cross-sectional study in which 603 PD patients from the COPPADIS cohort were classified according to H&Y (1, stage I; 2, stage II; 3, stage III; 4, stage IV/V) and NMSB (A: NMSS = 0–20; B: NMSS = 21–40; C: NMSS = 41–70; D: NMSS ≥ 71) in 16 stages (HY.NMSB, from 1A to 4D). QoL was assessed with the PDQ-39SI, PQ-10, and EUROHIS-QOL8 and disability with the Schwab&England ADL (Activities of Daily Living) scale.[Results] A worse QoL and greater disability were observed at a higher stage of H&Y and NMSB (). Combining both (HY.NMSB), patients in stages 1C and 1D and 2C and 2D had significantly worse QoL and/or less autonomy for ADL than those in stages 2A and 2B and 3A and 3B, respectively (; e.g., PDQ-39SI in 1D [n = 15] vs 2A [n = 101]: 28.6 ± 17.1 vs 7.9 ± 5.8; ).[Conclusion] The HY.NMSB scale is simple and reflects the degree of patient involvement more accurately than the H&Y. Patients with a lower H&Y stage may be more affected if they have a greater NMS burden.Peer reviewe

Interdependence between training and magnetization reversal in granular Co-CoO exchange bias systems

The interdependence between training and magnetization reversal in granular Co-CoO exchange bias (EB) systems prepared byOion implantation inCo thin films is demonstrated by polarized neutron reflectometry. While high-fluence O-implanted thin films show reduced relative training values and no asymmetry in magnetization reversal (all reversals take place by domain wall nucleation and motion), low-fluence O ion implantation results in an increased relative training and a magnetization reversal asymmetry between the first descending and the first ascending branches. Whereas the untrained decreasing field reversal occurs mainly by domain wall nucleation and motion, traces of a domain rotation contribution are evidenced in the increasing field reversal. This is explained by the evolution of the CoO structure and the contribution of the out-of-plane magnetization with ion implantation. The amount of incorporated O, which determines the threshold between both behaviors, is around 20 at.%. This reveals that the interdependence between training and magnetization reversal is insensitive to the morphology of the constituents (i.e., granular or layered), indicating that this is an intrinsic EB effect, which can be conveniently tailored by the interplay between the intrinsic properties of the investigated materials and ion implantation

Guía para la elaboración de estudios del medio físico. Contenido y metodología

El objeto de esta Guía, ayudar en las tareas de recogida de información para el estudio y el análisis de los recursos naturales, permite comprender que todo aquello que, positiva o negativamente, afecta o condi ciona al Medio Ambiente ha inducido algún renglón de este libro: vertido de residuos, inundaciones, sequías, consumo de agua, contaminación del aire, pérdida de suelo productivo por construcción de carreteras o desarrollos urbanísticos, declaraciones de espacios protegidos, terremotos, tsunamis, cambio climático, incendios, y muchos más. En los catorce años que separan la segunda edición de la Guía para la Elaboración de Estudios del Medio Físico de la tercera (2006), hasta el día de hoy, que se realiza una cuarta edición, son muchos los acontecimientos que han ido cambiando el ritmo y el sentir en las políticas y trabajos sobre el medio ambiente

Guía para la elaboración de estudios del medio físico. Contenido y metodología

El objeto de esta Guía, ayudar en las tareas de recogida de información para el estudio y el análisis de los recursos naturales, permite comprender que todo aquello que, positiva o negativamente, afecta o condi ciona al Medio Ambiente ha inducido algún renglón de este libro: vertido de residuos, inundaciones, sequías, consumo de agua, contaminación del aire, pérdida de suelo productivo por construcción de carreteras o desarrollos urbanísticos, declaraciones de espacios protegidos, terremotos, tsunamis, cambio climático, incendios, y muchos más. En los catorce años que separan la segunda edición de la Guía para la Elaboración de Estudios del Medio Físico de la tercera (2006), hasta el día de hoy, que se realiza una cuarta edición, son muchos los acontecimientos que han ido cambiando el ritmo y el sentir en las políticas y trabajos sobre el medio ambiente