El Toarciense Superior, Aaleniense y Bajociense en Camino (Santander). Precisiones bioestratigráficas.

La sucesión estratigráfica descrita e interpretada en el presente trabajo permite identificar la totalidad de las biozonas correspondientes al Toarciense superior, Aaleniense y Bajociense. Los efectos de condensación tafonómica o de condensación estratigráfica no son relevantes a escala zonal. Estos materiales se formaron en el ámbito de una plataforma carbonatada, marina-abierta, de tipo epicontinental, y comportamiento subsidente diferencial, que da lugar al predominio de facies más somera en las áreas meridionales. El tránsito Bajociense-Bathoniense corresponde a una fase generalizada de somerización en la cuenca, entre dos episodios transgresivos que sucesivamente se desarrollan durante el Bajociense superior y Bathoniense inferior. En etapas anteriores a éstas, durante el Toarciense superior, Aaleniense y Bajociense inferior, predominó la sedimentación de tipo pelágico, si bien en condiciones algo más restringidas. La persistencia de ambientes marinos abiertos durante estos intervalos temporales también ha podido ser inferida a partir de las sucesivas asociaciones registradas. Las faunas de ammonites muestran afinidades subboreales, aunque en repetidas ocasiones experimentaron influencias submesogeas

Easy, fast, and clean fluorescence analysis of tryptophan with clays and graphene/clay mixtures

Clays (C) such as sepiolite (SEP) or bentonite (BEN) and their mixtures with graphene (G) have been used as sorbents in dispersive solid phase extraction (dSPE). Tryptophan (TRP) analysis by fluorescence combined with a sample preparation step using G/C 30/70 w/w mixture provides a quantitative TRP retention, independently of the amino acid concentration with a desorption process feasible in 80 mM aqueous solution of the surfactant Brij L23. Under these conditions, the detection and quantification limits are 3.5 and 11.8 mu g L-1, respectively. Additionally, a novel, simple and inexpensive method has been developed to directly analyse TRP in real sam-ples, in which the presence of matrix interferents typically limits to obtain accurate results. For the first time, BEN has been used as an effective clean-up sorbent for the fluorimetric analysis of TRP in beer, leading to results without statistical differences versus those of a reference HPLC method free of interferences, with recoveries of 90 % and 100 %. The proposed method can be applied to accurately analyse TRP in complex matrices in a direct, easy, fast and sustainable way.Ministerio de Innovación, Ciencia y Universidade

AW-Isobioclimas: aplicación web para consultar los Isobioclimas de la España Peninsular y Balear

Para este trabajo se ha preparado una página web, y también un archivo en formato KML, compartido en la misma página web, con la información de los Isobioclimas de la España Peninsular y Balear, publicada en 2015. Para su realización se ha utilizado HTML5, estándar de la W3C para la geolocalización, y Open Layers para generación de mapas web de código abierto. Este formato permite ser leído por múltiples aplicaciones en diferentes sistemas operativos y tanto en dispositivos fijos (ordenadores) como portátiles (móviles y tablets). Así el usuario puede consultar, “in situ”, la información del Isobioclima sobre el que se encuentra en el campo. Haciendo un clic de ratón sobre la mancha de Isobioclima, se obtiene más información sobre el mismo. Los Isobioclimas están definidos por todos los factores bioclimáticos jerarquizados de un área y se expresan con una frase que incluye Macrobioclima, Bioclima, Variante Bioclimática (si la hubiere) y Piso Bioclimático –Termotipo y Ombrotipo- y permiten reconocer las áreas de igual potencialidad biológica. Los geodatos preparados contienen la información de los 72 Isobioclimas encontrados en el territorio de la España Peninsular y Balear.For this work a web page has been prepared, as well as a file in KML format, shared on the same web page, both with information on Isobioclimates of Peninsular Spain and the Balearic Islands, published in 2015. HTML5, W3C standard for geolocation, and Open Layers for generation of open source web mapping, have been used. This format can be read by multiple applications on different operating systems and in both fixed and devices (computers) and portable (mobile and tablets). So the user can consult, “in situ”, information about the Isobioclimate of its present position in the field. The Isobioclimates are defined by all hierarchized bioclimatic factors of an area, and are named with a phrase which includes Macrobioclimate, Bioclimate, Biioclimatic Variant (if any) and Bioclimatic Belt -Thermotype and Ombrotype-. The Isobioclimates allow to recognize he areas with equal biological potentiality. The prepared geodata contain the information on the 72 Isobioclimates found in the territory of Peninsular Spain and the Balearic Islands

Variaciones entre isobioclimas (1951-1980 y 1981-2010) en la España peninsular

Ponencia presentada en: X Congreso de la Asociación Española de Climatología celebrado en Alicante entre el 5 y el 8 de octubre de 2016.[ES]En el presente estudio se analizan las variaciones espaciales y temporales entre Isobioclimas de la España peninsular en dos periodos climáticos normales consecutivos (1951-1980 y 1981-2010). Los criterios aplicados para caracterizar los Isobioclimas son los de la Worldwide Bioclimatic Classification System (WBCS). El estudio se llevo a cabo con las bases de datos de alta resolución espacial de temperatura y precipitación mensual, MOTEDAS y MOPREDAS respectivamente, en su versión de malla de 10x10 km. En el primer periodo normal se han encontrado 40 Isobioclimas y 36 en el segundo. Entre ambos periodos el 38,56% del territorio peninsular español cambia de Isobioclima, mientras que el 61,44% restante permanece estable. Considerando como movilidad de un Isobioclima su cambio de ubicación en el espacio geográfico, medible por la superficie que cede a otros, más la superficie que recibe de otros, todos los Isobioclimas se mueven y el total de los traslados asciende al 77,12% del territorio.[EN]In the present study spatial and temporal variations amongst Isobioclimas of mainland Spain are analyzed for two consecutive normal climatic periods (1951-1980 y 1981-2010). The criteria used for characterizing the Isobioclimates are those of the Worldwide Bioclimatic Classification System, WBCS. The study was carried out with high spatial resolution databases of monthly average temperatura and monthly rainfall, MOTEDAS and MOPREDAS, in its version of mesh 10x10 km. 40 Isobioclimas have been found in the first normal period, and 36 in the second. Between the two periods 38.56% of the Spanish mainland changes Isobioclima, and the other 61.44% remains stable. Considering as mobility of a Isobioclimaits the changes of the geographical site, measurable by the surface it yields to others, plus the surface it receives from others, all Isobioclimates change places and total transfers rises to 77.12 of the territory.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Gobierno de España, Proyecto DESEMON, CGL2014-52135-C3-3-R. Gobierno Regional de Aragón DGA-FSE (Grupo de Investigación Consolidado “Clima, Agua, Cambio Global y Sistemas Naturales”)

Los efectos psicoterapéuticos de estimular la connotación positiva en el incremento del perdón

This work presents different aspects that have been related to the aptitude to forgive, emphasizing its importance for the psychotherapeutic practice in order to promote an increase of such capacity. Existing empirical evidence tends to relate forgiveness to emotional, physical and psychological well-being of the persons, and shows that the way of providing sense to the experiences influences the process of forgiveness. An alternative to increase the aptitude to forgive is proposed and results of an experimental study with 60 patients demonstrate the psychotherapeutic effects of stimulating positive connotation in the increase of forgiveness. The independent variable was the type of psychotherapeutic approach applied and the dependant variables were measured with the Aptitude to Forgive Scale (CAPER) that evaluates the general predisposition of a subject to forgive, across four independent constructs: a) Self, b) Others, c) Situation, and d) Beliefs.En este trabajo inicialmente se presentan diferentes formas de intervención y constructos que han sido relacionados con la capacidad de perdonar, destacando su importancia para la práctica psicoterapéutica y con el fi n de promover un incremento en la misma. La evidencia empírica existente tiende hacia la posición de que el perdón está relacionado con el bienestar emocional, físico y psicológico de las personas, y que el modo de dotar de sentido a las experiencias influiría en el proceso de perdón. Se propone una alternativa para aumentar la capacidad de perdonar y se presentan resultados de un estudio experimental con 60 participantes, en el que se demuestran los efectos psicoterapéuticos que tiene la estimulación de la connotación positiva en el incremento del perdón. La variable independiente fue el tipo de dispositivo psicoterapéutico aplicado, y las variables dependientes fueron medidas con la Escala sobre la Capacidad de Perdonar (CAPER) que en su modalidad global evalúa la predisposición general de un sujeto para perdonar, y cuyas cuatro subescalas son: a) Self: evalúa la manera en que cada uno se enfrenta a situaciones negativas y cómo se percibe a sí mismo ante ellas; b) Otros: mide la manera en que cada uno se enfrenta a situaciones negativas relacionadas con las demás personas y cómo estas son percibidas, c) Situación: estudia la manera en que cada uno se enfrenta a situaciones, hechos o momentos negativos, y d) Creencias: examina creencias que son determinantes para perdonar

Fluorescence Study of Riboflavin Interactions with Graphene Dispersed in Bioactive Tannic Acid

The potential of tannic acid (TA) as a dispersing agent for graphene (G) in aqueous solutions and its interaction with riboflavin have been studied under different experimental conditions. TA induces quenching of riboflavin fluorescence, and the effect is stronger with increasing TA concentration, due to pi-pi interactions through the aromatic rings, and hydrogen bonding interactions between the hydroxyl moieties of both compounds. The influence of TA concentration, the pH, and the G/TA weight ratio on the quenching magnitude, have been studied. At a pH of 4.1, G dispersed in TA hardly influences the riboflavin fluorescence, while at a pH of 7.1, the nanomaterial interacts with riboflavin, causing an additional quenching to that produced by TA. When TA concentration is kept constant, quenching of G on riboflavin fluorescence depends on both the G/TA weight ratio and the TA concentration. The fluorescence attenuation is stronger for dispersions with the lowest G/TA ratios, since TA is the main contributor to the quenching effect. Data obey the Stern-Volmer relationship up to TA 2.0 g L-1 and G 20 mg L-1. Results demonstrate that TA is an effective dispersant for graphene-based nanomaterials in liquid medium and a green alternative to conventional surfactants and synthetic polymers for the determination of biomolecules.Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidade

Levels and Sources of Atmospheric Particle-Bound Mercury in Atmospheric Particulate Matter (PM₁₀) at Several Sites of an Atlantic Coastal European Region

[Abstract] Atmospheric particle-bound mercury (PHg) quantification, at a pg m⁻³ level, has been assessed in particulate matter samples (PM₁₀) at several sites (industrial, urban and sub-urban sites) of Atlantic coastal European region during 13 months by using a direct thermo-desorption method. Analytical method validation was assessed using 1648a and ERM CZ120 reference materials. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.25 pg m⁻³ and 0.43 pg m⁻³, respectively. Repeatability of the method was generally below 12.6%. PHg concentrations varied between 1.5–30.8, 1.5–75.3 and 2.27–33.7 pg m⁻³ at urban, sub-urban and industrial sites, respectively. PHg concentration varied from 7.2 pg m⁻³ (urban site) to 16.3 pg m⁻³ (suburban site) during winter season, while PHg concentrations varied from 9.9 pg m⁻³ (urban site) to 19.3 pg m⁻³ (suburban site) during the summer. Other trace elements, major ions, black carbon (BC) and UV-absorbing particulate matter (UV PM) was also assessed at several sites. Average concentrations for trace metals (Al, As, Bi, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Si, Sr, V and Zn) ranged from 0.08 ng m⁻³ (Bi) at suburban site to 1.11 µg m⁻³ (Fe) at industrial site. Average concentrations for major ions (including Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, NH₄⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl⁻, NO₃⁻ and SO₄²⁻) ranged from 200 ng m⁻³ (K⁺) to 5332 ng m⁻³ (SO₄²⁻) at urban site, 166 ng m⁻³ (Mg²⁺) to 4425 ng m⁻³ (SO₄²⁻) at suburban site and 592 ng m⁻³ (K⁺) to 5853 ng m⁻³ (Cl⁻) at industrial site. Results of univariate analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) suggested crustal, marine and anthropogenic sources of PHg in PM₁₀ at several sites studied. Toxicity prediction of PHg, by using hazard quotient, suggested no non-carcinogenic risk for adults.This work was supported by Xunta de Galicia (Programa de Consolidación y Estructuración de Unidades de Investigación Competitivas ref: ED431C 2017/28-2017-2020) FEDER-MINECO (UNLC15-DE-3097, financed together (80/20%) with Xunta de Galicia and Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (Programa Estatal de I+D+i Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad ref: RTI2018-101116-B-I00 (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE). We are grateful to Alicia Cantarero-Roldán (SAI-University of A Coruña) for ICP-MS technical support. M. Fernández-Amado appreciates the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades support (PTA2017-13607-I). The authors would like to thank P. Esperón (PTA2013-8375-I) for her support.Xunta de Galicia; ED431C 2017/28-2017-202

Variaciones entre Isobioclimas (1951-1980 y 1981-2010) en la España Peninsular

En el presente estudio se analizan las variaciones espaciales y temporales entre Isobioclimas de la España peninsular en dos periodos climáticos normales consecutivos (1951-1980 y 1981-2010). Los criterios aplicados para caracterizar los Isobioclimas son los de la Worldwide Bioclimatic Classification System (WBCS). El estudio se llevó a cabo con las bases de datos de alta resolución espacial de temperatura y precipitación mensual, MOTEDAS y MOPREDAS respectivamente, en su versión de malla de 10x10 km. En el primer periodo normal se han encontrado 40 Isobioclimas y 36 en el segundo. Entre ambos periodos el 38,56% del territorio peninsular español cambia de Isobioclima, mientras que el 61,44% restante permanece estable. Considerando como movilidad de un Isobioclima su cambio de ubicación en el espacio geográfico, medible por la superficie que cede a otros, más la superficie que recibe de otros, todos los Isobioclimas se mueven y el total de los traslados asciende al 77,12% del territorio.In the present study spatial and temporal variations amongst Isobioclimas of mainland Spain are analyzed for two consecutive normal climatic periods (1951-1980 y 1981-2010). The criteria used for characterizing the Isobioclimates are those of the Worldwide Bioclimatic Classification System, WBCS. The study was carried out with high spatial resolution databases of monthly average temperature and monthly rainfall, MOTEDAS and MOPREDAS, in its version of mesh 10x10 km. 40 Isobioclimas have been found in the first normal period, and 36 in the second. Between the two periods 38.56% of the Spanish mainland changes Isobioclima, and the other 61.44% remains stable. Considering as mobility of a Isobioclimaits the changes of the geographical site, measurable by the surface it yields to others, plus the surface it receives from others, all Isobioclimates change places and total transfers rises to 77.12 of the territory.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Gobierno de España, Proyecto DESEMON, CGL2014-52135-C3-3-R. Gobierno Regional de Aragón DGA-FSE (Grupo de Investigación Consolidado “Clima, Agua, Cambio Global y Sistemas Naturales”). Dhais Peña-Angulo es becaria de doctorado del Programa FPI del Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación

Evolution of Gaseous and Particulate Pollutants in the Air: What Changed after Five Lockdown Weeks at a Southwest Atlantic European Region (Northwest of Spain) Due to the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic?

[Abstract] Due to the exponential growth of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Spain (2020), the Spanish Government adopted lockdown measures as mitigating strategies to reduce the spread of the pandemic from 14 March. In this paper, we report the results of the change in air quality at two Atlantic Coastal European cities (Northwest Spain) during five lockdown weeks. The temporal evolution of gaseous (nitrogen oxides, comprising NOₓ, NO, and NO₂; sulfur dioxide, SO₂; carbon monoxide, CO; and ozone, O₃) and particulate matter (PM₁₀; PM₂․₅; and equivalent black carbon, eBC) pollutants were recorded before (7 February to 13 March 2020) and during the first five lockdown weeks (14 March to 20 April 2020) at seven air quality monitoring stations (urban background, traffic, and industrial) in the cities of A Coruña and Vigo. The influences of the backward trajectories and meteorological parameters on air pollutant concentrations were considered during the studied period. The temporal trends indicate that the concentrations of almost all species steadily decreased during the lockdown period with statistical significance, with respect to the pre-lockdown period. In this context, great reductions were observed for pollutants related mainly to fossil fuel combustion, road traffic, and shipping emissions (−38 to −78% for NO, −22 to −69% for NO₂, −26 to −75% for NOₓ, −3 to −77% for SO₂, −21% for CO, −25 to −49% for PM₁₀, −10 to −38% for PM₂․₅, and −29 to −51% for eBC). Conversely, O₃ concentrations increased from +5 to +16%. Finally, pollutant concentration data for 14 March to 20 April of 2020 were compared with those of the previous two years. The results show that the overall air pollutants levels were higher during 2018–2019 than during the lockdown period.This work was supported by Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MCIU), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) (Programa Estatal de I+D+i Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad, ref: RTI 2018-101116-B-I00), Xunta de Galicia (Programa de Consolidación y Estructuración de Unidades de Investigación Competitivas ref: ED431C 2017/28-2017-2020) and FEDER-MINECO (UNLC15-DE-3097, financed together (80/20%) with Xunta de Galicia). Joel Sánchez-Piñero acknowledges the Xunta de Galicia and the European Union (European Social Fund-ESF) for a predoctoral grant (ED481A-2018/164). María Fernández-Amado acknowledges the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (PTA2017-13607-I)

Television series in social networks: case study

El objetivo de este estudio es establecer una relación entre la audiencia de las series de televisión y la actividad de su perfil de Facebook. Para realizar este estudio se han escogido series de televisión que se han emitido en el prime time de las cadenas generalistas españolas. La metodología se basa en el análisis de audiencias y parámetros que aparecen en los perfiles. Los resultados muestran, entre otros aspectos relevantes, la importancia del Community Manager y se concluye que esta metodología permite identificar distintos tipos de usuarios en función de los dispositivos usados para el seguimiento de las series.The main purpose of this study is to establish a relationship between television series audiences and their Facebook profile activity. To perform this study, we started by choosing television series broadcasted on prime time at Spanish general channels. The methodology is based on the analysis of viewing figures and a number of parameters that appear in Facebook profiles. Among the most relevant outcomes identified is the community manager importance. Also, this methodology identifies different types of users depending on the device used for viewing the series.peerReviewe