MikroRNAk eta adipokinak: pronostikoko eta erantzun terapeutikoko biomarkatzaileen eta ekintza-mekanismoen bitartekarien bilaketa

307 p.La presente Tesis Doctoral tiene como objetivo analizar el papel que juegan tanto los microRNAs como las adipocitokinas en el mecanismo de acción de diferentes patologías, además de su uso potencial como biomarcadores del desrrollo de esas enfermedades o de respuesta a sus tratamientos. Con el fin de alcanzar ese objetivo, se llevaron a cabo 3 proyectos de investigación:En el primero, se analizó cómo los microRNAs pueden estar involucrados en los efectos positivos del pteroestilbeno sobre la esteatosis hepática. Para ello, se midió la expresión de una serie de microRNAs en tejido hepático de ratas con esteatosis tratadas con pteroestilbeno y, mediante transfección de los mismos en hepatocitos, se estudió su mecanismo de acción a nivel celular.En el segundo, se analizó cómo los microRNAs pueden estar involucrados en los efectos sobre el metabolismo de la glucosa de un extracto de orujo de uva en personas con síndrome metabólico, y, al mismo tiempo, determinar su posible uso como marcadores de respuesta al tratamiento. Para ello, se analizó la expresión de varios microRNAs en muestras de sangre de personas con síndrome metabólico antes y después de ser tratadas con un extracto de orujo de uva, y también se compararon los valores entre los sujetos que respondieron al tratamiento y los que no.En el tercero, se investigó si las adipocitokinas podrían estar involucradas en la velocidad de crecimientode niños pequeños para la edad gestacional (PEG) y si podrían considerarse marcadores de futuras alteraciones metabólicas. Para esto, se analizó la concentración de varias adipokinas en sangre de niños PEG que tenían distintas velocidades de crecimiento durante los primeros 2 años de vida.Se pudo concluir que los microRNAs y las adipokinas pueden mediar en los mecanismos de acción y ser marcadores de respuesta terapéutica y de evolución de diferentes patologías

Maternal self-efficacy and emotional well-being in Chilean adolescent mothers: the relationship with their children's social-emotional development

Background: Low maternal self-efficacy and high levels of anxiety, depression, and stress can be triggered in adolescent mothers because they have not completed their development process, thus they would not be physically or psychologically prepared to take on maternity responsibilities. Those factors can be related to children's socioemotional development problems. The present study aims to: a) analyze the relationship between maternal self-efficacy and the levels of stress and depressive and anxious symptoms, in adolescent mothers; b) examine the relationship between maternal self-efficacy and well-being and children's socioemotional development; and c) describe the effects of maternal self-efficacy mediated of maternal well-being on children's socioemotional development. Methods: A sample of 79 dyads of Chilean adolescent mothers and their children aged 10 to 24 months participated in this research. A set of psychometric scales were used to measure maternal self-efficacy (EEP), mother's anxiety and depression (HADS), maternal stress (PSS), and children's socioemotional development (ASQ-SE). Bivariate analyses as well as mediation models were employed to estimate and test the relevant relationships. Results: A bivariate analysis showed that maternal self-efficacy was negatively related to mother's anxiety, depression, and stress. Moreover, there is a significant relationship between maternal self-efficacy and maternal stress, and children's self-regulation and socioemotional development. The effect of maternal self-efficacy on children's self-regulation development mediated of mother's anxiety, mother's depression and maternal stress scores was significant. Conclusions: Those results confirm the importance of the adolescent mothers' emotional well-being regarding their relationship on the socioemotional development of their children. The preceding is necessary to have detailed information about how emotional and self-perception status influences mother's role in the development of her children

Non-intrusive maternal style as a mediator between playfulness and children's development in low-income Chilean adolescent mothers

The aim of this study was to describe the relationship between low-income Chilean adolescent maternal playfulness and mothers' non-intrusiveness in their children's development and to analyze whether a mother's non-intrusiveness mediates the relationship between maternal playfulness and children's development. The Parental Playfulness Scale and the Subscale of Intrusiveness from the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project were used to assess maternal playfulness and mothers' non-intrusiveness respectively. Ages and Stages Questionnaire 3rd Edition (ASQ-3) was applied to measure the children's communication, gross and fine motor skills, problem- solving and personal-social development. The sample consisted of 79 mother-child dyads with children aged 10-24 months (M = 15.5, SD = 4.2) and their mothers aged 15-21 years old (M = 19.1, SD = 1.7). A bivariate analysis showed that maternal playfulness was significantly associated with communication, fine motor, problem-solving and personal-social development. Moreover, higher levels of communication, fine motor skills and problem-solving development were observed in the children of less intrusive mothers. Maternal playfulness had a significant effect on children's development of language, problem-solving and personal-social skills when their mothers showed less intrusiveness during interaction. These findings contribute to the understanding of the interaction between adolescent mothers and their children. Active play and less intrusiveness can enhance child development

Análisis textual sobre la percepción de profesionales de educación parvularia en Chile acerca de las Bases Curriculares

Este estudio tiene por objetivo analizar las aportaciones y percepción de un grupo de docentes de nivel parvulario sobre la actualización de las Bases Curriculares del nivel de educación parvularia en Chile. A partir del análisis de frecuencia, apoyado por programas estadísticos, se han agrupado las palabras utilizadas por las personas participantes en función de su significado (agrupación semántica); de esta manera, se han formado grupos de palabras referidas a la utilización del documento en su quehacer pedagógico. Para ello, se llevó a cabo un acercamiento gráfico que permitiera representar un espacio bidimensional de los grupos de palabras en el que se consideró el grupo encuestado y los análisis respectivos. Los resultados evidenciaron que el análisis textual contribuyó a conocer en mayor profundidad sobre este tema que no ha sido abordado anteriormente y que tiene implicancias en la práctica educativa del grupo participante, ya que existen diferencias significativas entre las respuestas de las personas educadoras de nivel parvulario según el tipo de dependencia en el que se desempeñen laboralmente

Underlying correlation between the social representation of the EFL subject and assessment results

Tesis (Pedagogía en Inglés)There is a negative predisposition of some primary and secondary students towards the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) subject. In this research, we intend to discover if there is any direct underlying correlation between Chilean EFL students’ social representation of the EFL subject, and their assessment results of named subject throughout the first term. The participants chosen for this study were 115 from 4 different private and subsidized schools. A questionnaire and a focus group were applied, which were later analyzed qualitatively under speech analysis, considering the connotations of the expressed statements to identify the participants’ social representation of the EFL subject which were then correlated with the participants’ assessment results of the EFL subject throughout the first term of the year. In addition, the focus group results were utilized to identify the participant’s social representation’s central core regarding the EFL subject. Finally, the results from the questionnaire showed an indirect correlation between the participants’ social representation of the EFL subject and their assessment results. Nonetheless, the identification of participants’ central core revealed four different areas that merge when referring to the EFL subject: Purpose of learning English, Teacher’s Influence, Communicative Competence and Motivation.En esta investigación, se tiene la intención de descubrir si hay alguna correlación subyacente directa entre la representación social de los estudiantes chilenos hacia la asignatura de Idioma Extranjero Inglés y sus resultados académicos del primer semestre en tal asignatura, la razón de esta es la negativa predisposición de algunos alumnos de enseñanza básica y media hacia dicha asignatura. Los participantes elegidos para este estudio fueron un total de 115 estudiantes de 4 diferentes colegios -privados y subvencionados-. Un cuestionario y un grupo focal fueron llevados a cabo, los cuales fueron analizados cualitativamente bajo análisis de discurso, tomando en cuenta la connotación de las declaraciones para identificar la representación social de los participantes acerca de la asignatura de Idioma Extranjero Inglés. Estas fueron luego correlacionadas con el promedio de notas de la asignatura obtenido en el primer semestre del año. Finalmente, los resultados obtenidos del cuestionario mostraron una correlación indirecta entre la representación social de los participantes de la asignatura de Idioma Extranjero Inglés y sus resultados académicos. Por otro lado, la identificación del núcleo central de los participantes reveló cuatro áreas diferentes que se conjugan al referirse a la asignatura de Inglés: El propósito de aprender Ingles, Influencia del profesor, Competencia Comunicativa y Motivación

Features of Non-Alcoholic Beer on Cardiovascular Biomarkers. Can It Be a Substitute for Conventional Beer?

Numerous studies have revealed the beneficial effects of moderate beer consumption on cardiovascular diseases. However, the presence of alcohol in beer can represent a matter of concern, since alcohol intake poses a risk to some individuals. Additionally, adults who are life-long abstainers should not be encouraged to consume alcohol for health purposes. Consequently, the benefits of beer consumption remain a controversial issue. In this scenario, the present review gathers the reported information concerning the cardiovascular effects of non-alcoholic beer, and makes a comparison between these effects and those of conventional beer. Despite the scarcity of published results to date describing the effects of non-alcoholic beer consumption, the available literature indicates that it is more effective than conventional beer in preventing oxidative stress (lower lipid and protein oxidation), preserving the endothelial function (lower endothelial dysfunction) and inhibiting thrombogenic activity (lowered oxidized LDL). By contrast, conventional beer has shown to induce greater increases in HDL-cholesterol levels (known as a cardiovascular protective factor) compared to non-alcoholic beer. This effect cannot be solely attributed to alcohol content, since the polyphenol content in conventional beer tends to be higher than that found in non-alcoholic beer.This research was funded by CIBEROBN under Grant CB12/03/30007 and the Government of the Basque Country (IT1482-22)

Variability in the Beneficial Effects of Phenolic Compounds: A Review

When analysing the beneficial effects of phenolic compounds, several factors that exert a clear influence should be taken into account. The content of phenolic compounds in foods is highly variable, directly affecting individual dietary intake. Once ingested, these compounds have a greater or lesser bioaccessibility, defined as the amount available for absorption in the intestine after digestion, and a certain bioavailability, defined as the proportion of the molecule that is available after digestion, absorption and metabolism. Among the external factors that modify the content of phenolic compounds in food are the variety, the cultivation technique and the climate. Regarding functional foods, it is important to take into account the role of the selected food matrix, such as dairy matrices, liquid or solid matrices. It is also essential to consider the interactions between phenolic compounds as well as the interplay that occurs between these and several other components of the diet (macro- and micronutrients) at absorption, metabolism and mechanism of action levels. Furthermore, there is a great inter-individual variability in terms of phase II metabolism of these compounds, composition of the microbiota, and metabolic state or metabotype to which the subject belongs. All these factors introduce variability in the responses observed after ingestion of foods or nutraceuticals containing phenolic compounds.This study was supported by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERobn) under Grant CB12/03/30007

Key Aspects in Nutritional Management of COVID-19 Patients

This review deals with the relationship among nutrition, the immune system, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The influence of nutrients and bioactive molecules present in foodstuffs on immune system activity, the influence of COVID-19 on the nutritional status of the patients, and the dietary recommendations for hospitalized patients are addressed. Deficient nutritional status is probably due to anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hypoalbuminemia, hypermetabolism, and excessive nitrogen loss. There is limited knowledge regarding the nutritional support during hospital stay of COVID-19 patients. However, nutritional therapy appears as first-line treatment and should be implemented into standard practice. Optimal intake of all nutrients, mainly those playing crucial roles in immune system, should be assured through a diverse and well-balanced diet. Nevertheless, in order to reduce the risk and consequences of infections, the intakes for some micronutrients may exceed the recommended dietary allowances since infections and other stressors can reduce micronutrient status. In the case of critically ill patients, recently published guidelines are available for their nutritional management. Further, several natural bioactive compounds interact with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, the gateway for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Natural bioactive compounds can also reduce the inflammatory response induced by SARS-CoV-2. These compounds are potential beneficial tools in the nutritional management of COVID-19 patients.This research was supported by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERobn) and University of the Basque Country (GIU18-173)

Vivienda colectiva para el adulto mayor en Santiago Poniente

ArquitectoEl proyecto concreto a desarrollar es un espacio residencial para adultos mayores, el que se configura en base a la idea de "Vivienda colectiva", dadas las características y necesidades del Usuario. Este espacio habitacional está absolutamente limitado a las características del usuario, y para entender sus requerimientos es fundamental un análisis del Usuario y de las políticas que el País posee en torno al tema de la vivienda para la Tercera Edad