Apoptose e maturação placentária bovina: um estudo imunohistoquímico e morfométrico

Resumo: A liberação da placenta após o parto envolve a perda da adesão materno-fetal e ocorre somente após a maturação completa do placentoma, que está relacionada com a diminuição da celularidade dos tecidos fetal e materno. A apoptose é requerida tanto para a maturação quanto para a liberação normal da placenta após o parto. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de apoptose em amostras de placenta de vacas em diferentes fases de gestação. Amostras de placentomas de 15 vacas saudáveis com 4 (n=5), 6 (n=5) e 9 (n=5) meses de gestação foram colhidas e processadas rotineiramente para a histologia, imunoistoquímica e histoquímica. As lâminas obtidas foram coradas em HE, Picrosirius Red e submetidas à análise imunoistoquímica das proteínas Caspase 3, Caspase 8, Bax e Bid. O aumento no número de vasos não necessariamente se associou ao aumento do calibre destes durante a evolução da gestação. Os resultados de histomorfometria revelaram aumento da marcação para Bax e Caspases 3 e 8 em células trofoblásticas binucleadas no final da gestação, enquanto o Bid se manteve sem alteração significativa. A histomorfometria das células trofoblásticas mononucleadas revelou expressão alta para Bax no início de gestação, com diminuição aos 6 meses de gestação e aumento das imunomarcações para Caspases 3 e 8, e Bid com o avanço gestacional. Os colágenos tipo I e III não aumentaram do terço médio ao final da gestação, o que é importante para a diminuição da adesão materno-fetal. Esses resultados confirmam que as Caspases 3 e 8, e o Bax estão envolvidos nos mecanismos de ativação da apoptose pela via intrínseca mitocondrial e/ou extrínseca ao longo da gestação em células trofoblásticas binucleadas, e que nas células trofoblásticas mononucleadas o Bax deixa de ser importante, enquanto o Bid e as Caspases 3 e 8 se tornam os mais significativos

Comparison of Depression and Burnout Levels of Mothers of Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder before and after Treatment

Objective: This study aimed to compare the depression and burnout levels of mothers of children having attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) between the child's pre- and posttreatment periods. Method: The study sample consisted of 40 children aged between 4 and 10 years and their mothers. Initially, 40 cases participated, but during the follow-up, 19 cases dropped out. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), and the Turgay DSM-IV Based Child and Adolescent Behaviour Disorders Screening and Rating Scale (T-DSM-IV-S) were used. Results: Among the mothers, posttreatment BDI scores, MBI-emotional exhaustion, and personal accomplishment were significantly lower than the pretreatment scores. In the treatment's second month, all T-DSM-IV-S subscale scores showed a statistically significant decrease. Conclusions: It was concluded that treatment of children with ADHD would have a favorable impact on their mothers' depressive symptoms, which would consequently decrease negative parental attitudes, hence reducing the risk of behavioral disorder in children with ADHD and exerting a positive effect on their treatment. © 2018 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc

Tibia stress fracture secondary to obsessive compulsive disorder

PubMedID: 27284118Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic psychiatric disorder characterized by obsessions and compulsions. Early-onset OCD is one of the most common mental illnesses of children and adolescents, with a prevalence of 1% to 3%. It is related to worse lifespan symptoms and prognosis. Therefore, the treatment of OCD in children and adolescent has gained importance. If it is not treated successfully, the compulsive behaviors may cause extreme stress for children and their parents. Although minor complications of OCD are commonly observed, major complications are considerably rare due to the nature of compulsive behaviors. Apparently, loss of vision, autocastration, rectal prolapse are examples of major complications secondary to OCD. As far as we know, it is the first case of tibia stress fracture secondary to OCD. In the present case report, we will discuss tibia stress fracture developing secondary to compulsive behavior due to OCD. © SAGE Publications

No association between polymorphisms of Vitamin D and oxytocin receptor genes and autistic spectrum disorder in a sample of Turkish Children

Objective: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairment in social skills and communication with repetitive behaviors. Etiology is still unclear although it is thought to develop with interaction of genes and environmental factors. Oxytocin has extensive effects on intrauterine brain development. Vitamin D, affects neural development and differentiation and contributes to the regulation of around 900 genes including oxytocin receptor gene. In the present study, the contribution of D vitamin receptor and oxytocin receptor gene polymorphisms in the development of ASD in Turkish community was investigated. To our knowledge, this is the first study examining these two associated genes together in the literature. Methods: Eighty-five patients diagnosed with ASD according to DSM-5 who were referred to outpatient clinics of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry of Başkent University and Mersin University and 52 healthy, age and gender-matched controls were included in the present study. Vitamin D receptor gene rs731236 (Taq1), rs2228570 (Fok1), rs1544410 (Bsm1), rs7975232 (Apa1) polymorphisms and oxytocin receptor gene rs1042778 and rs2268493 polymorphisms were investigated using real time polymerase chain reaction method. Results: No significant difference between groups in terms of distribution of genotype and alleles in each of polymorphisms for these genes could be found. Conclusion: Knowledge of genes and polymorphisms associated with the development of ASD may be beneficial for early diagnosis and future treatment. Further studies with larger populations are required to demonstrate molecular pathways which may play part in the development of ASD in Turkey. Copyright © 2018, Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology.115S864This project was supported by TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, Project No: 115S864)

Antineuronal antibodies and 8-OHdG an indicator of cerebellar dysfunction in autism spectrum disorder: a case–control study

Objectives: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, that starts in early childhood and presents with deficiencies in social-communicational domains along with restricted and repetitive behaviours/interests. While genetic factors are dominant in its pathogenesis, many factors, including neurological, environmental and immunological have been identified. Furtheremore, although cerebellar dysfunction in the etiology of autism has been shown in different studies, the possible causes of the dysfunction and the role of neuroinflammation among these causes have not been clarified yet. Anti-Yo, anti-Hu, anti-Ri and anti-Amphiphysin antibodies have been found to be associated with cerebellar degeneration. The aim of the present study was to compare anti-Yo, anti-Hu, anti-Ri and anti- Amphiphysin antibodies and 8-OHdG values in blood using the ELISA method between ASD patients and healthy children to demonstrate the role of neuroinflammation as a potential cause of cerebellar dysfunction and DNA damage and evaluate the relationship between Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) scores in children diagnosed with ASD and these parameters. Methods: Thirty-five consecutive children between the ages of 3 and 12 referred to the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic of Harran University Hospital and diagnosed with ASD according to the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria were included in the study. The children did not have any chronic physical disorders and were treatment naive. Thirty-three healthy children between the ages of 3 and 12 without any physical or psychiatric disorders were included as the healthy control group. For psychiatric evaluation, a sociodemographic form and to measure the severity of autism, CARS was used. In the study, anti-Yo, anti-Hu, anti-Ri and anti-Amphiphysin antibodies and 8-OHdG values in blood were investigated using the ELISA method. Results: Thirty-five cases with autism (62.9% males) and thirty-three healthy controls (72.7% males) were included in the present study (p = 0.385). The median age was 6.0 in the ASD group and 7.0 in the control group (p = 0.146). Among ASD patients, anti-Ri antibody positivity was detected, while no anti-Ri antibody positivity was found in the control group (p = 0.002). In the ASD group, the anti-Hu and 8-OHdG values were found to be significantly higher than those of the controls (p < 0.001, p = 0.001); no significant difference was found between the ASD and control groups with regard to the anti-Yo and anti-Amphiphysin values (p = 0.113, p = 0.275). Conclusions: The results of the present study suggest that antibodies against cerebellum may be present among children with ASD and DNA damage may occur due to oxidative stress. © 2019, © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

Cytokine expression profiles in Autism spectrum disorder: A multi-center study from Turkey

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in communication and social interaction as well as restricted interests and repetitive behaviors. The pathogenesis of ASD is not completely understood, but a growing body of research has demonstrated that the immune response may be a contributing factor in the etiology and/ or ontogeny of ASD. The aim of this study was to determine the expression levels of IL-1β, IL-1α, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α and TGF-β in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of children with ASD and healthy controls in order to determine the contributions of cytokines to ASD. Within the study timeframe, 195 children with ASDs (80.5% male) and 162 controls (73.6% male) were enrolled. Most children with ASD had a comorbid disorder (n = 114, 58.5%), with the most common diagnoses as Intellectual Developmental Disorder (IDD, n = 64, 32.8%) and ADHD (n = 64, 32.8%). The majority of children with ASD had severe autistic symptoms as evaluated via Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS, n = 130, 64.6%). The mean CARS score in the ASD sample was 40.8 (S.D. = 7.6). The patients with ASD were found to have significantly higher levels of IL-6 (p < 0.001) and significantly lower levels of IL-17 (p < 0.05, all Bonferroni corrected). Treatment tended to affect IL-4 levels. Lastly, discriminant function analysis (DFA) revealed that a combination of IL-6, IL-17 and IL-1α correctly classified 56.6% of cases. Despite extensive immunological evidence suggesting immune system aberrations, further research is required to clarify the relationship between immune profiles and ASD symptoms. © 2020 Elsevier Lt

Novel inflammatory targets for immunotherapies in pediatric patients with trichotillomania

Immune dysregulation may be important in the etiology of obsessive-compulsive and related disordersandbody-focusedrepetitivebehaviors, such as Trichotillomania (TTM). The role of inflammation and inflammatory markers in TTM has received relatively little attention. This study was aimed to determine the expression levels of inflammatory markers (i.e. IL-1β, IL-1α, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α and TGF-β) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of children with TTM and healthy controls and to evaluate their association with clinical variables. Seventy-seven patients with TTM and 107 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Peripheral blood was collected in standardized conditions. The mean age of patients and controls did not differ significantly (10.8 ± 4.4 and 12.0 ± 3.2 years; respectively). The majority of patients with TTM and controls were females (n = 55, 71.4 % and n = 55, 51.4 %; respectively); with a greater preponderance of females among TTM. Patients with TTM had significantly elevated expression levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-17 compared to controls. However, the expression level of IL-4 was significantly reduced in TTM patients compared to controls. Accordingly, we found a pro-inflammatory state in TTM and those findings may suggest novel treatment options for TTM and further, cross-disciplinary studies focusing on neuro- inflammation in TTM conducted on larger samples are needed. © 2020 Elsevier Gmb