Teacher enthusiasm: a potential cure of academic cheating

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Sleep deprivation differentially affects subcomponents of cognitive control

Study Objectives Although sleep deprivation has long been known to negatively affect cognitive performance, the exact mechanisms through which it acts and what cognitive domains are affected most is still disputed. The current study provides a theory-driven approach to examine and explain the detrimental effects of sleep loss with a focus on attention and cognitive control. Methods Twenty-four participants (12 females; age: 24 ± 3 years) completed the experiment that involved laboratory-controlled over-night sleep deprivation and two control conditions, namely, a normally rested night at home and a night of sleep in the laboratory. Using a stop signal task in combination with electroencephalographic recordings, we dissociated different processes contributing to task performance such as sustained attention, automatic or bottom-up processing, and strategic or top-down control. At the behavioral level, we extracted reaction times, response accuracy, and markers of behavioral adjustments (post-error and post-stop slowing), whereas at the neural level event-related potentials (ERP) found in context of response inhibition (N2/P3) and error monitoring (ERN/Pe) were obtained. Results It was found that 24 hr of sleep deprivation resulted in declined sustained attention and reduced P300 and Pe amplitudes, demonstrating a gradual breakdown of top-down control. In contrast, N200 and ERN as well as the stop-signal reaction time showed higher resilience to sleep loss signifying the role of automatic processing. Conclusions These results support the notion that sleep deprivation is more detrimental to cognitive functions that are relatively more dependent on mental effort and/or cognitive capacity, as opposed to more automatic control processes.Funding Agencies|European Unions Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme [720270]</p

aamodt_signal_diversity_evening_sleep

Dream EEG and Mentation (DREAM) data set ---Data set information--- Common name: Aamodt_evening_sleep Full name: (Optional, unwieldly full name) Authors: Aamodt, A., Sevenius Nilsen, A., Markhus, R., Kusztor, A., HasanzadehMoghadam, F., Kauppi, N., Thürer, B., Storm, J.F. and Juel, B.E. Location: Oslo, Norway Year: 2022 Set ID: [SET BY DATABASE] Amendment: [SET BY DATABASE] Corresponding author ID: [SET BY DATABASE] Download URL: [SET BY DATABASE] Previous publications: 1) Aamodt, A., Nilsen, A.S., Thürer, B., Moghadam, F.H., Kauppi, N., Juel, B.E. and Storm, J.F. (2021) ‘EEG Signal Diversity Varies With Sleep Stage and Aspects of Dream Experience’, Frontiers in psychology, 12, p. 655884. 2) Aamodt, A., Sevenius Nilsen, A., Markhus, R., Kusztor, A., HasanzadehMoghadam, F., Kauppi, N., Thürer, B., Storm, J.F. and Juel, B.E. (2023) ‘EEG Lempel-Ziv complexity varies with sleep stage, but does not seem to track dream experience’, Frontiers in human neuroscience, 16. Available at:  Correspondence: Bjørn E Juel ([email protected]) ---Metadata--- Key ID: [SET BY DATABASE] Date entered: [SET BY DATABASE] Number of samples: [INFERRED BY DATABASE] Number of subjects: [INFERRED BY DATABASE] Proportion REM: [INFERRED BY DATABASE] Proportion N1: [INFERRED BY DATABASE] Proportion N2: [INFERRED BY DATABASE] Proportion experience: [INFERRED BY DATABASE] Proportion no-experience: [INFERRED BY DATABASE] Proportion healthy: [INFERRED BY DATABASE] Provoked awakening: (Whether the study protocol instated provoked awakenings; choose Yes, No, or Some) Time of awakening: (General time of day when the awakenings occurred; choose Morning, Day, Evening, Night, or Mixed) Form of response: (The form of response given by subjects, used to infer their experience; choose Free, Structured, Categorical, or Other) Date approved: [SET BY DATABASE] ---How to decode data files--- The files in the PSG directory are named according to the subjectID and the CaseNumber for each awakening. For example the file 10_0103.edf is associated with the third awakening (case 0103) from subject 10.  --Treatment group codes-- No treatment groups ---Experimental description--- See previous publications --DREAM categorization procedure-- The original experiment categorized the dream reports according to the DREAM definitions. ---Technical details--- The data include a single EMG channel (called EMG1), which is a bipolar derivation of the standard LAT and RAT electrodes placed on the chin of the sleeping subject. The data include two EOG channels (called EOGu and EOGl), which were placed in the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) recommended E1 and E2 positions below (l for lower) and above (u for upper) the lateral canthi.  --Data acquisition-- See published manuscripts --Data preprocessing-- Data were rereferenced to a common average reference and zero centered to adjust for the DC offset. Raw data can be requested in accordance with statements in published manuscripts.  </p

The Language of Social Touch Is Intuitive and Quantifiable

Touch is a powerful communication tool, but we have a limited understanding of the role played by particular physical features of interpersonal touch communication. In this study, adults living in Sweden performed a task in which messages (attention, love, happiness, calming, sadness, and gratitude) were conveyed by a sender touching the forearm of a receiver, who interpreted the messages. Two experiments (N = 32, N = 20) showed that within close relationships, receivers could identify the intuitive touch expressions of the senders, and we characterized the physical features of the touches associated with successful communication. Facial expressions measured with electromyography varied by message but were uncorrelated with communication performance. We developed standardized touch expressions and quantified the physical features with 3D hand tracking. In two further experiments (N = 20, N = 16), these standardized expressions were conveyed by trained senders and were readily understood by strangers unacquainted with the senders. Thus, the possibility emerges of a standardized, intuitively understood language of social touch.Funding Agencies|Facebook; Swedish Research Council</p