The effect of different organic matters on plant growth regulation and nutritional components under salt stress in sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.]

Salinity is one of the major constraints of crop production, especially in the world's arid and semi-arid regions. Variations in the nutritional components of Gulseker sweet sorghum (local variety) and the effects of different organic matter on morphological and physiological changes under salt stress were examined herein. The response of sweet sorghum to applications of different organic matter [amino acid (AA), cow/farmyard manure (CM), biochar (BC), humic acid (HA), sheep manure (SM), worm casting (WC), poultry manure (PM), and bat guano (BG)], as well as water irrigation salinity at 150 mM NaCl were evaluated under greenhouse conditions using plastic pots containing 11 L of peat:perlite (2:1). Plants grown under different treatments were then classified as morphological (shoot fresh and dry weights, shoot diameter, shoot length, number of leaves and leaf area per plant) and physiological parameters (relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll (SPAD), malondialdehyde (MDA), Na+, K+, Ca++, and Cl- ion content. The results revealed that salt stress caused reduced growth parameters and chlorophyll, RWC, K+ and Ca++ ion content, while MDA content, Na+ and Cl- accumulation showed an increase. The results showed that the organic matter treatments diminished the damaging effects caused by salt stress via a reduction in the uptake of Cl- and Na+, which enhanced K+ and Ca++ uptake and reduced the MDA levels, presenting a favorable effect in reducing the oxidative stress that emerged from salt stress

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT CHEMICAL PRETREATMENTS ON CELL WALL COMPOSITION AND ASH CONCENTRATION OF SWEET SORGHUM BAGASSE FOR BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION

Pretreatment is one of the key processes in lignocellulosic bioethanol production, which is needed to improve accessibility of enzymes to cellulose. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different chemical pretreatments on cell wall composition and ash concentration of sweet sorghum bagasse. 9 different pretreatment methods used in the study can be categorized into 3 different methods such as dilute sulphuric acid (1, 1.5 and 2 % H2SO4 w/v), dilute sodium hydroxide (1, 1.5 and 2 % NAOH w/v) and sequential dilute sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide (1 % H2SO4 w/v + 0.5 M NAOH, 1.5 % H2SO4 w/v + 0.5 M NAOH and 2 % H2SO4 w/v + 0.5 M NAOH). According to results, while 2 % H2SO4 w/v + 0.5 M NAOH gave the highest cellulose (91.51 %) and lowest lignin (1.7 %) concentrations, the lowest cellulose (65.11 %), hemicellulose (0.4 %), and highest lignin concentrations (23.42 %) were provided by 1.5 % H2SO4 w/v among pretreatments. Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents of sweet sorghum bagasse after sodium hydroxide pretreatments ranged from 76.72 to 79.88, 11.75 to 14.62, and 2.05 to 4.11 %, respectively. The most appropriate cell wall composition for enzymatic hydrolysis was derived from sequential dilute sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide pretreatments due to the fact that they provided the highest cellulose (90.68 – 91.51 %), lowest lignin (1.7 – 3.41 %) and desirable hemicellulose (1.10 – 1.82 %) contents. However, enzymatic hydrolysis must be done to learn which method enables the highest fermentable sugar production

Assessment of AquaCrop Model in the Simulation of Seed Yield and Biomass of Italian Ryegrass

Given that the optimal sowing rate and inter-row spacing of Italian ryegrass raised for seed have not been determined, the objective of this research was to assess the effect of crop density on biomass and seed yields under different climate conditions, applying the AquaCrop model. The data came from experiments conducted under moderate continental climate conditions at Stitar (Serbia) and Mediterranean climate conditions at Cukurova (Turkey). At Stitar, there were three different inter-row spacings (high (Sd), medium (Sm), and low (Sw) crop densities), while at Cukurova there was only high crop density (Sn). In the calibration process, the initial canopy cover, canopy expansion and maximal canopy cover were adapted to each crop density, while the other conservative parameters were adjusted to correspond to all climate conditions. Calibration results showed a very good match between measured and simulated seed yields; the values of the coefficient of determination (0.922). The biomass simulationwas very good for Cukurova (R2=0.97), but somewhat poorer for Stitar (R2=0.72). Other statistical indicators were high such as Willmott index of agreement of both the calibrated and validated data sets, for both study areas >0.916 and normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) in the range from 9%–18%. The AquaCrop model was found to be more reliable for Italian ryegrass biomass and seed yield predictions under mild winter climate conditions, with adequate water supply, compared to moderate climate and water shortage conditions

EFFECTS OF MIXTURE RATIO AND ROW SPACING IN HUNGARIAN VETCH (Vicia pannonica Crantz.) AND ANNUAL RYEGRASS (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) INTERCROPPING SYSTEM ON YIELD AND QUALITY UNDER SEMIARID CLIMATE CONDITIONS

This study was conducted at the Middle Kizilirmak basin of Turkey (40 degrees 20'N, 33 degrees 58'E, elevation 550 m), during the 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 growing seasons, to determine the effects of different mixture ratios (sole Hungarian vetch (HV), annual ryegrass (AR); 80%HV+20%AR, 60%HV+40%AR, 40%HV+60%AR, and 20%HV+80%AR) and row spacings (20, 30, and 40 cm) on the forage yield and quality of the HV and AR intercropping system. The experiment was planned in a randomized complete block design, where a split-plot arrangement of mixture ratios was considered as the main plot with the row spacings considered as subplots. According to the mean of 2 years, the different mixture ratios and row spacings had a statistically significant effect on all of the properties. At the end of the research, among the different mixture ratios and row spacing interactions, the highest green herbage yield (33.4 t ha(-1)), hay yield (7.5 t ha(-1)), lowest neutral detergent fiber (52.2%), and crude ash (7.8%) rates were obtained from the 60%HV+40%AR mixture and 30-cm row spacing interaction. The highest crude protein (CP) rate (17%), CP yield (1156 kg ha(-1)) and ADF (39.5%) ratios were obtained from the 80%HV+20%AR mixture and 30-cm row spacing interaction. The highest RFV value (107) was obtained from the 80%HV+20%AR mixture and 20-cm row spacing interaction. These results show that increasing the HV ratio in the mixture has positive effects on the yield and quality, whereas raising the row spacing has adverse effects on the forage values. Therefore, 80%HV+20%AR or 60%HV+40%AR with a 30-cm row spacing interaction can be suggested for forage production in an HV and AR intercropping system.This study was conducted at the Middle Kizilirmak basin of Turkey (40&deg;20&prime;N, 33&deg;58&prime;E, elevation 550 m), during the 2011&ndash;2012 and 2012&ndash;2013 growing seasons, to determine the effects of different mixture ratios (sole Hungarian vetch (HV), annual ryegrass (AR); 80%HV+20%AR, 60%HV+40%AR, 40%HV+60%AR, and 20%HV+80%AR) and row spacings (20, 30, and 40 cm) on the forage yield and quality of the HV and AR intercropping system. The experiment was planned in a randomized complete block design, where a split-plot arrangement of mixture ratios was considered as the main plot with the row spacings considered as subplots.According to the mean of 2 years, the different mixture ratios and row spacings had a statistically significant effect on all of the properties. At the end of the research, among the different mixture ratios and row spacing&nbsp;interactions, the highest green herbage yield (33.4 t ha&ndash;1), hay yield (7.5 t ha&ndash;1), lowest neutral detergent fiber (52.2%), and crude ash (7.8%) rates were obtained from the 60%HV+40%AR mixture and 30-cm row spacing interaction. The highest crude protein (CP) rate (17%), CP yield (1156 kg ha&ndash;1 ) and ADF (39.5%) ratios were obtained from the 80%HV+20%AR mixture and 30-cm row spacing interaction. The highest RFV value (107)&nbsp;was obtained from the 80%HV+20%AR mixture and 20-cm row spacing interaction. These results show that increasing the HV ratio in the mixture has positive effects on the yield and quality, whereas raising the row spacing has adverse effects on the forage values. Therefore, 80%HV+20%AR or 60%HV+40%AR with a 30-cm row spacing interaction can be suggested for forage production in an HV and AR intercropping system.</div

Effects of mixture ratio and row spacing in hungarian vetch (vicia pannonica crantz.) and annual ryegrass ( lolium multiflorum lam.) intercropping system on yield and quality under semiarid climate conditions

This study was conducted at the Middle Kizilirmak basin of Turkey (40°20 &amp;#8242;N, 33°58 &amp;#8242;E, elevation 550 m), during the 2011 –2012 and 2012 –2013 growing seasons, to determine the effects of different mixture ratios (sole Hungarian vetch (HV), annual ryegrass (AR); 80%HV+20%AR, 60%HV+40%AR, 40%HV+60%AR, and 20%HV+80%AR) and row spacing s (20, 30 , and 40 cm) on the forage yield and quality of the HV and AR intercropping system . The experiment was planned in a randomized complete block design, where a split- plot arrangement of mixture ratios was considered as the main plot with the row spacing s considered as subplots. According to the mean of 2 years, the different mixture ratios and row spacing s had a statistically significant effect on all of the properties. At the end of the research, among the different mixture ratios and row spacing interactions , the highest green herbag e yield (33.4 t ha –1), hay yield (7.5 t ha –1), lowest neutral detergent fiber (52.2%), and crude ash (7.8%) rates w ere obtained from the 60%HV+40%AR mixture and 30 -cm row spacing interaction. The highest crude protein (CP) rate (17%), CP yield (1156 kg ha –1) and ADF (39.5%) ratios were obtained from the 80%HV+20%AR mixture and 30 -cm row spacing interaction. The highest RFV value (107) was obtained from the 80%HV+20%AR mixture and 20 -cm row spacing interaction. The se results show that increasing the HV ratio in the mixture has positive effects on the yield and quality, whereas ra ising the row spacing has adverse effects on the forage values . Therefore, 80%HV+20%AR or 60%HV+4 0%AR with a 30 - cm row spacing interaction can be suggested for forage production in an HV and AR intercropping system.This study was conducted at the Middle Kizilirmak basin of Turkey (40°20 &amp;#8242;N, 33°58 &amp;#8242;E, elevation 550 m), during the 2011 –2012 and 2012 –2013 growing seasons, to determine the effects of different mixture ratios (sole Hungarian vetch (HV), annual ryegrass (AR); 80%HV+20%AR, 60%HV+40%AR, 40%HV+60%AR, and 20%HV+80%AR) and row spacing s (20, 30 , and 40 cm) on the forage yield and quality of the HV and AR intercropping system . The experiment was planned in a randomized complete block design, where a split- plot arrangement of mixture ratios was considered as the main plot with the row spacing s considered as subplots. According to the mean of 2 years, the different mixture ratios and row spacing s had a statistically significant effect on all of the properties. At the end of the research, among the different mixture ratios and row spacing interactions , the highest green herbag e yield (33.4 t ha –1), hay yield (7.5 t ha –1), lowest neutral detergent fiber (52.2%), and crude ash (7.8%) rates w ere obtained from the 60%HV+40%AR mixture and 30 -cm row spacing interaction. The highest crude protein (CP) rate (17%), CP yield (1156 kg ha –1) and ADF (39.5%) ratios were obtained from the 80%HV+20%AR mixture and 30 -cm row spacing interaction. The highest RFV value (107) was obtained from the 80%HV+20%AR mixture and 20 -cm row spacing interaction. The se results show that increasing the HV ratio in the mixture has positive effects on the yield and quality, whereas ra ising the row spacing has adverse effects on the forage values . Therefore, 80%HV+20%AR or 60%HV+4 0%AR with a 30 - cm row spacing interaction can be suggested for forage production in an HV and AR intercropping system