Economics of production and socioeconomics of culture

Coastal cultivation of edible molluscs is an efficient method of converting marine phytoplankton into nutritious and palatable food. The economic components of different systems of culture varies considerably depending mainly on the various methods adopted in the culture systems

Technology of mussel culture

Five different teclmiques arc used in mussel culture (1) Sea bottom culture (2) Pole culture (3) Rack culture (4) Long line culture (5) Raft cultur

Fishery and biology of mussels

Two species of mussels occur in India, the green mussel, Perna viridis and the brown mussel, Perna indic

An Appraisal of the Marine Fisheries of Orissa, India

This paper presents the trend of marine fish landings of Orissa during the period 1975- 2006. The marine fish landings of Orissa indicated a general increasing trend from 16,804 t in 1975 to 1, 01,500 t during 2005 contributing to an average of 2.6% of the all India marine fish landings. Demersal fishery resources including crustaceans and molluscs dominated the landings ranging between 6575 t during 1977 to 56,556 t during 2005. The pelagic fishes contributed to 8497 t during 1977 to 44472 t during 2005. A total of six types of mechanized and motorized gear each and seven types of non-motorized gears were operated off Orissa during 2005 & 2006.The total effort both in units and Actual Fishing Hours (AFH) was greater during 2005 (5.91 Lakh units & 35 Lakh AFH ) than during 2006 (5.49 Lakh units & 31 Lakh AFH). While motorized gears expended more effort in terms of units, mechanized gears had put in more AFH during both the years. Gear wise, all the resources were landed more by mechanized gears followed by motorized gears and non-motorized gears. Resource wise, pelagic fishes were contributed mainly by carangids (21%), ribbon fishes (19.5%) and other clupeids (13.5%). The major contributors of demersal resources were croakers (35%), pomfrets (17%), catfishes (16%), and silver bellies (5.4%). Crustacean resources were dominated by penaeid prawns (78%) followed by non-penaeid prawns (11.6%) and crabs (9.25%). Seasonally, all major resources were landed more during October to December and January to March perio

Stability of Domination in Graphs

The stability of dominating sets in Graphs is introduced and studied,in this paper. Here D is a dominating set of Graph G. In thispaper the vertices of D and vertices of $V - D$ are called donorsand acceptors respectively. For a vertex u in D, let $\psi_{D}(u)$ denotethe number $\|N(u) \cap (V - D)\|. The donor instability or simply d-instability$d^{D}_{inst}(e)$of an edge e connecting two donor vertices v andu is$\|\psi_{D}(u)-\psi_{D}(v)\|$. The d-instability of D,$\psi_{d}(D) is the sum ofd-instabilities of all edges connecting vertices in D. For a vertex unot in D, let $\phi_{D}(u) denote the number$\|N(u)\cap D\|. The Acceptor Instabilityor simply a-instability  $a^{D}_{inst}(e)$  of an edge e connecting twoacceptor vertices u and v is $\|\phi_{D}(u)-\phi_{D}(v)\|$. The a-instability of D,$\phi_{a}(D)$ is the sum of a-instabilities of all edges connecting vertices in$V - D$. The dominating set D is d-stable if $\psi_{d}(D) = 0$ and a-stableif $\phi_{a}(D) = 0$. D is stable, if $\psi_{d}(D) = 0$ and $\psi_{a}(D) = 0$. Given anon negative integer #\alpha$, D is$\alpha-d-stable$, if$d^{D}_{inst}(e)\leq\alpha$for any edgee connecting two donor vertices and D is$\alpha-a-stable$, if$a^{D}_{inst}(e)\leq\alpha$for any edge e connecting two acceptor vertices. Here we study$\alpha$-stability number of graphs for non negative integer$\alpha$

Technology of mussel culture

Culture of edible molluscs is now recognised as an effective way of enhancing food production and sea mussels among all the known cultivable organisms, give the highest production rate for two reasons : (1) they feed directly on the primary producers namely the phytoplankton and (2) it is farmed three-dimensionally in the water colunm at the farm site. The world production of mussels amounted to 13,37,551 tonnes in 1988 (FAO, 1992) of which 10,86,310 t originated from culture. China ranks first in the production of cultured mussels in the world, followed by Spain, Italy, Netherlands, Denmark and France

Functional stability of HIV-1 envelope trimer affects accessibility to broadly neutralizing antibodies at its apex

ABSTRACT The trimeric envelope glycoprotein spike (Env) of HIV-1 is the target of vaccine development to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). Env trimer instability and heterogeneity in principle make subunit interfaces inconsistent targets for the immune response. Here, we investigate how functional stability of Env relates to neutralization sensitivity to V2 bnAbs and V3 crown antibodies that engage subunit interfaces upon binding to unliganded Env. Env heterogeneity was inferred when antibodies neutralized a mutant Env with a plateau of less than 100% neutralization. A statistically significant correlation was found between the stability of mutant Envs and the MPN of V2 bnAb, PG9, as well as an inverse correlation between stability of Env and neutralization by V3 crown antibody, 447-52D. A number of Env-stabilizing mutations and V2 bnAb-enhancing mutations were identified in Env, but they did not always overlap, indicating distinct requirements of functional stabilization versus antibody recognition. Blocking complex glycosylation of Env affected V2 bnAb recognition, as previously described, but also notably increased functional stability of Env. This study shows how instability and heterogeneity affect antibody sensitivity of HIV-1 Env, which is relevant to vaccine design involving its dynamic apex. IMPORTANCE The Env trimer is the only viral protein on the surface of HIV-1 and is the target of neutralizing antibodies that reduce viral infectivity. Quaternary epitopes at the apex of the spike are recognized by some of the most potent and broadly neutralizing antibodies to date. Being that their glycan-protein hybrid epitopes are at subunit interfaces, the resulting heterogeneity can lead to partial neutralization. Here, we screened for mutations in Env that allowed for complete neutralization by the bnAbs. We found that when mutations outside V2 increased V2 bnAb recognition, they often also increased Env stability-of-function and decreased binding by narrowly neutralizing antibodies to the V3 crown. Three mutations together increased neutralization by V2 bnAb and eliminated binding by V3 crown antibodies. These results may aid the design of immunogens that elicit antibodies to the trimer apex. </jats:p

Histopathological evaluation of endometrial sampling in perimenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding

Background: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is one of the common symptoms in the gynaecology outpatient department. About one third of women are affected at some time in their lives. The perimenopausal women show significant number of underlying organic pathology. The evaluation of endometrium and/or organ histopathology has the dual advantage of finding the cause of AUB and to rule out endometrial cancer or the potential for cancer in future like endometrial hyperplasia with atypia. The aim of the study was to determine the histopathological pattern of endometrial sampling in perimenopausal women with AUB and to follow them up for a period of six months after the procedure.Methods: The prospective observational study was conducted at the department of obstetrics and gynaecology at Sree Gokulam Medical College and Research Foundation, Venjaramood, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, for a period of one year from December 2019 to December 2020. The study was conducted on 116 perimenopausal women 41-52 years who presented with AUB and had undergone endometrial sampling. These ladies were subsequently followed up for six months post procedure to assess the response to medical treatment or the need for any surgical intervention like hysterectomy.Results: A total 39.65% patients had heavy and prolonged menstrual bleeding and 18.16% patients had irregular bleeding. 14.65% patients had prolonged flow, 8.6% had heavy flow, 6.8% had infrequent with prolonged flow, 6% had prolonged, infrequent with heavy bleeding. Non-structural (COEIN) causes contributed to about 60.4% of AUB in perimenopausal women and 39.6% had structural (PALM) causes. 49% cases were secretory endometrium. 29.3% had disordered proliferative endometrium, 4.3% had proliferative endometrium, 5.2% each had polyp or hyperplasia without atypia. 18 (15.5%) cases underwent hysterectomy, 3 patients who had adenocarcinoma underwent staging laparotomy, 2 patients had LNG IUS insertion and 40 patients were on follow up requiring either no treatment and 53 (45.68%) patients were given antifibrinolytics or hormonal therapy.Conclusions: Heavy and prolonged menstrual bleeding was the most common presenting symptom. COEIN contributed to about 60.4% of cases. Evaluation of the endometrium showed that, secretory endometrium was commonest (49%) followed by disordered proliferative endometrium (29.3%). On follow up for six months, 15.5% patients underwent hysterectomy, 2 patients had insertion of levonorgestrel IUD, 45.68% patients had medical management with antifibrinolytics or hormones and were on follow up. The responsibility of gynaecologist in the management of AUB in perimenopausal women is to exclude hyperplasia of endometrium and endometrial cancer

Farm technology

Mussels are sedentary a nimals growing attached to hard substrates along the coastal region by means of self secreted threads called byssus. They can be transpl anted from their natural habitats t o any artificial hard objects in the sea where they will re-attach secreting fresh byssus threads