Coastal cultivation of edible molluscs is an efficient method of converting marine phytoplankton into nutritious and palatable food. The economic components of different systems of culture varies considerably depending mainly on the various methods adopted in the culture systems

Kuriakose, P S

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• i . • • REFERENCE 0 Nly SUI-IMER INSTITUTE IN \ CULTTIRE OF rnIBLE MOLLUSCS HELD AT TurrCCRIN RESEARCH CENTRE OF CENTP.AL l-I.ARINE FISHERIES RESEARCH INsrITUTE trom 26 May to 24 June 1980 ,. , . ~ Centr a l ~!arinc Fis her ies Research Institut e P .B . 1912, COGHill - 682018 , I NDIA " Indian Council of Agri cult1Z'al Resoarch September' , 1980 \.If \ .. 1 a::OOCMICS OF PROruCTIW AND SOC1~:ex:ONOOCS OF CULTURE .. • , . P ~. KURIAKOOE a::cmoocs OF 'PRODIm leN Coastal cUltivation of wible molluscs :Ul an efficient method of corivertiilg iInrino phytoplankt OIl into nutritious and paJ.&.able food. The economic components of diffareht systems of cultUl'e varies crnsidErably depending mainly ?n the various methods ndopt od in .tho cUltUl'e systems. Tho cost of l abour and rml-mnter-inls r equired for cultU'c ru.s 0 aFfect produ::tion cost. As in any other comnercial ventU'e the molluscan culturo farm also doperxls on th .3 profit it earns. Pr ofit fer 11 portl:culnr period is the excess of revenue it receivod fer tho cOllDllodit y it pr odu::od ovcr the total values of the SErvices of the r esOUl'ces usod in thc production process dU'ing that pEriod. Therefcr e, the economic ovalmti on of a cultut'o farm i s the evalmtion of the ,profit or loss, which is tho difference betwoen the form's total r ovenue and total .cost for particUlar pariod. As an e:mmplo the economics of on exptrimenta l mussel culture , carried out in, t .m opon .sea. at Callcut is givm below. Since the life . of Cllor llfLis 3 years the inc ano statement is given for 3 years • • CAPITAL CCBT OR FIXED COST OF ONE RAFl' FOR 3 YEARS , 1. Teak poles 10 Nos . @ RS .25/-!-0I' pOl e 2. Bamboo pOles 12 Nos . @ Rs . 15 - per pOle 3. Anchcrs 100 kgs . 2 Nos . , -. 4. Ancher chain 100 kgs •• 5. . Nylon r opes 6 kgs . 6. Shackles etc . Total RElJUlRING EXP»lDITURE OR VARIABLE COST 1. Oil GrUllE 5 Nos . @ Rs.1oo/-2. Co:ir r opes JOO kgs . 3. Knitted cotton Oloth 4. Seeding ElJq)endituro 5. Expenditure f or farm management Total ie;, The totnl expenditure for 3 years 0 3250 + (3000 x 3) 0 = Rs . 250 .00 .100.00 1000.00 1400 .00 170.00 250 .00 3250.00 500.00 1500.00 400.00 . 200.00 _Jf!2·02 _.2220.00 12250 .00 ..... .... I --• • - 143 -Salva.go volue of tho r aft , ftor 3 years Depreciati on of the raft a fter 3 years Rs . 500 . 00 Rs.2250.00 (ho mussel cultur e r a ft Ctln hold 100 mussel cultur o r opes and the aver~go production per r ope in one ye:JI' 50 kgs . of mussels . So th o t otal 'yield fr om a r a ft per year • = 50 x 100 " 5000 kgs . of mussels . Avera ge price for 1 kg . ~s<¥;s ~, = Rs . 1 .25 The t ot al r eturn for 1 yeDr 5000 x 1 .25 • = ils. 6250/ -. '" ... , ie . , Tho aver:lge r ettr n for 3 ,years = 6250 x :3 = Rs . 1 Pr150/ -, ,' , Totnl profit at t ho ,end of 3 ymrs = ; Totnl revenue - (Totnl cost including de~eciation - . "0 -' . . Sll vo.ge vo.lue) = 18750 (12250 + 2250 - 500) , . = 18750 - 14000 = 1,750 .00 ., Therefore the pr ofit for 3 yoars per r a ft = Rs.4750/ - · )' or SOCIO-&:CNq.!ICS OF CULTURE The importune 0 of c oostnl aq!Xl.cultU' e in tho cbnf ex£ '0 f augmen.-,ting prcxh.ict.ion of economically impartqnt molluscs and improving rurnl • economy W::lS r ecognised only very r ecentl y in Indi ,\ , Otr <;o~y • .~. .J...:... possess the ossert i o.l basic r es Olrces r equired far inmedi.:rt:e- develop-ment of coastnl aqmcult1r e . The pot ential coast al waters avni,lable . . in mr co~ry includ(3s nbout 8 .9 million h(3ctor c of produ:tivc , inshoro wat<3rs . A vnricty of suit able molluscs (Mussels, Oysters , Pearl oyst ers and Cl.:uns) possess~g high produ:tive capac~ty, short l arval development ; £"1$'t r o.te of , gr- oHt h, and physicil.ogicaJ. featur e t o adjust t o Hid (3 cmnges in mvironmcnt arc availablo in our coostal waters . As tho act ivo fi s hermen engaigod in the coastal" fisheri es form only 21 % of tho t ot al marino fi sher populat i on in tho conry, ther e ar e large !lumber 'of unemployed nnd und<3remployed fishermen who could adva.ntageo~ take up the coasto.l a quacultur e . The impact of intro-ducing any l ab our intonsi vo, income genorating marino farming prog-r amme a imed :It uplL-f'ting the socio-economic conditioo of the fishermen has t o be propErl y ass GSscd by the far m scientists before embarking --- 144 - • on ;Lnrge scal e prop:lgntion of the ventU!'e in question over wider are<lS . In u vust coUIIt:,;-y like India, ' this aspect h<lS to be studie:l. r egion-wis e since cond,ition differ fran one ph,co to anotha'. For e=ple mussel cultU!' c c,m ' be profitably cnrried out al~g the 11nlabar CO<lSt. In ~bis r egion nc."1"ly ·3000 fish(!'mm families depmd mainly on mussel i':i.sbing . Their nvcr l1.~ fl:u:tily income is l ess than 'Rs . 2000 per annum . _ • r' . A frunily: nny b~ comprised of aDout 5 to 10 members out of whi"h mostl y :i single men~er: my be cng:l'ged in mussel fishing . They can easily practise mussel f ::l!'ming if they nre given sane JI'eliminary financial I.l.Ssitcmcc for t he f 'lbric:ltion of r a fts . During their normal fishing, seed collection' can be carried out without ony extra effort . Seeding can be dene at home with the assistnn: e of ill the manbcrs of the , ' . , fnmily including wanen and children . The seeded ropes can be sus-p&n8d ft.omtho' r a fts ,by thu fisnrmcn while going for mussel piCking in t ext day morning. Thus mussel cultU'e can be carrioo"oUt . ' -by 'theSe famiJ..fes without moon em u effort . In the sDJlle wuy oyster , " cultUl'e cOn be pructiseq at Tuticorin by fi shermen algnged in traditional fishing and clDJD cultlr e at Kakimda . Since the ,-uvnilibility of the ,s eed is the m ..-un facter in the success of the mollusc:m cultUl'e, any 'jconomicilly important; molluscs can be cultured in or,ens where seed is uvailable . Since the production r at e in almost all moll;mcnn culture is high and gr-owth very fast , the cultU!'e operations will give quick rosults . ibrvesting can be adjus,t ed uccording to' the market dcnnm for better profit . This • g~ratos more employment <lJlportunities IIDd improved economic condition of the fishing villag e • . . -:-. '~ '''' -.-, , AT VIZHINJAM • K oK, APPUKUTTAN "Raft cultur ell has been adopt ed fer the furmng of br= =sel bot h i n the bay and in the open sea. Rafts of differSIt st~es, ranging from 6 x 6 metres to 8 x 8 metr~ were fabricated with teak ani bamboo poles lashed by coir or, nylon rop.aS, . Metal drums of about 200 litres capacity, treateq for anticClITosion, were used to give buoyancy t o the' rafts , Tne rafts wer"e moored by anchors, by requir ed length of anchOr chains . While :the rafts could , . . be maintained in t he b~y throughout the year, those in the open sea could be kept in position ooly during the calm season tran JanUl.I'y to May. The depth of' Vizhinjam Bay varies trom 10 to 15 metres and the bottom is ' muddy. OpEP- sea mussel ctiltur e e:xper :intents wer e carried oul; about 1 - 2 km away from the shere at depths ranging trom 15 - 25 m~res, The sea is usually calm from the end of December t9 the- EDi of May \<ben the r a fts could be kept in position. Rest of.. the year, the sea is subject t o heavy wave action niaking it diffic'ult to maintain the r afts . ", Seed availability • Bro;n mussel starts spawning in May \mch lasts till Septanber . The period of peak spawning is July-August . Settl.emEllt of muss~ s eod begins by July and dense settlqment of seed is seen during September- Cctober • The young mussel attains the mode of • 15 - 19 mm in l ength in July, 25 - .. 29 mm in Augwt ani .30 - 34 mm in September. . Seed in t he size r ange of 20 .. 35 nm were collected fran the natu- al bods fr om Septanber t o November . The rocky area between the Light House and the breakwater of Vizhinjam Bay, AvaduthU'a and Mulloor , Eilayam, Colachel, Muttom and Neendakara are all . good seed collection areas . Good spatfall also occurs inside the bay on split r opes suspended fr om r·afts . The seed thus collected on the ropes were aJ. 8 0 U'l ad in the farm. -- 146 -• Se€iliDg The, seed w~e washed in. sea. water ani the fooling CIt' ganisms WeI'e renoved . They were then wrapped arowd a r ope and secur ed by .. . .. . cotton netting CIt' bandal>'3 cloth . Both co:j,r ropes ani nylon r opes . • were used for seeding, ~ut nylon r ope was found to be more eccnomi- • cal ccnai dering the l ongevity of the rope . The length of the ropes s eeded r .anged frem 5 to 10 m~res . To avoid slipping of seed in the initial stage, wooden pegs were inserted at regular intervals . in the rope . The average weigl1t of mu.ssel seed per metre length of r ope (seeded portion) ranged fr an 1.4 to 2'.0 kg . The seeded ropes were suspended from the rafts . crowth of muss el and production In the Vizhinjam Bay, the bro~ mussel reaches the s;ize of 55 - 60 mm in a months, ' giving an average gr:'oHth of 2.94 mm per month. In 19'79 the growth r at e observed was 3.54 mm pEr month . The size 55 - 60 DIn is marketabl e. The r atio of .flesh weight to shell- on wight is 41 .31% in May. After June, due to infJ.ux ·of fr eshwater into :the bay and also increase in weight of ropes , there is a temency fer the farm-gt'own mussels to fall out . Hmce Mayo-June appears to be the appr opriate t ime for harvesting the tmded • stook. In the opm sea cultUI'e experimmts the gt'owth of mussel was relatively faster . A modal size of 60 - 65 mm was atta,ined in 5 months r .sccrding a gt'owth rate of 5 mm per month. The flesh . weight constitutes 43 .33% of t he t otal weight of mussels in ~. The average r at e of production W3.S 10 - 12 kg of mussel per met.r e l ength of rope in the bay in 8 months and 15 kg. in the opm s ea in 5 months . Prospects ani problems .. In the existing sustename fishery for the brown mussel at Vizhinjam the production r~s from 50 - 150 toimes a year . Based on • ... I • the results obt ained in experimental cultlre of the mussel in the bay as well a s the open sea, it is possible to increase mussel production in the area by adopting r aft cultU'e tecl:niques . (he - -maj cr area of curr ent research r elat es to developing suitable methods for year r omd operati ons in the open sea sin,;:-e the- growth of nrussel and production r ate are higher in the open sea than in the bay. ' Experiments on this aspects are being carried ~ut at lhdras , Calicut and Vizhinjwn . - :-.. -" • • • • • 

Economics of production and socioeconomics of culture

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Economics of production and socioeconomics of culture

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