Caminhos percorridos no mapa da portuguesificação: A Linguateca em perspectiva

This study evaluated the ecotoxicity of five dyes to freshwater organisms before and during their photo-Fenton degradation. EC50 (48 h) of the five tested dyes ranged from of 6.9 to >1000 mg L-1 for Daphnia similis. In the chronic tests IC50 (72 h) varied from 65 to >100 mg L-1 for Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and IC50 (8 days) from 0.5 to 410 mg L-1 for Ceriodaphnia dubia. Toxicity tests revealed that although the applied treatment was effective for decolorization of the dye, the partial mineralization may be responsible for the presence of degradation products which can be either more toxic than the original dye, as is the case of Vat Green 3 and Reactive Black 5, lead to initially toxic products which may be further degraded to non toxic products (acid Orange 7 and Food Red 17), or generate non toxic products as in the case of Food Yellow 3. The results highlighted the importance of assessing both acute and chronic toxicity tests of treated sample before effluent discharge. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Blue Rayon as an alternative for extraction of genotoxic organic compounds present in water samples

A combinação do teste de Ames e métodos seletivos de extração para os principais grupos de compostos responsáveis pela atividade genotóxica em amostras ambientais tem sido muito utilizada. O objetivo foi validar o uso do Blue rayon como alternativa para extração de compostos presentes em águas brutas e tratadas. Foram realizados experimentos comparativos entre o Blue rayon e XAD-4 com amostras fortificadas e amostras reais. Dois mananciais, um contaminado com compostos policíclicos e outro não, foram estudados. As amostras foram extraídas com resina XAD4, e com Blue rayon, este último seletivo para compostos policíclicos. Os extratos foram testados com as linhagens de Salmonella typhimurium TA98 e TA100 na presença e ausência de mistura S9. O Blue rayon foi menos eficiente na detecção da mutagenicidade total das amostras quando comparado com a XAD-4. Porém foi capaz de distinguir a mutagenicidade já presente na água bruta daquela gerada durante o tratamento.The combination of the Ames test and selective extraction methodologies has been successfully used to indicate the possible classes of organic contaminants in environmental samples. The aim of this study was to validate the use of Blue rayon as an alternative extraction method to detect compounds in raw and treated waters. Two different water bodies were evaluated and in one of the sites, raw waters were known to be contaminated with polycyclic compounds. Experiments comparing the Blue rayon technique with XAD-4 resin were done in environmental and spiked samples. The extracts were tested for mutagenicity with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100, with and without metabolic activation. Blue rayon was less efficient in detecting the overall mutagenicity of the samples analyzed in comparison with XAD-4. It was able though to distinguish the mutagenicity due to the contaminants in raw from the ones generated by water treatment

Blue Rayon as an alternative for extraction of genotoxic organic compounds present in water samples

A combinação do teste de Ames e métodos seletivos de extração para os principais grupos de compostos responsáveis pela atividade genotóxica em amostras ambientais tem sido muito utilizada. O objetivo foi validar o uso do Blue rayon como alternativa para extração de compostos presentes em águas brutas e tratadas. Foram realizados experimentos comparativos entre o Blue rayon e XAD-4 com amostras fortificadas e amostras reais. Dois mananciais, um contaminado com compostos policíclicos e outro não, foram estudados. As amostras foram extraídas com resina XAD4, e com Blue rayon, este último seletivo para compostos policíclicos. Os extratos foram testados com as linhagens de Salmonella typhimurium TA98 e TA100 na presença e ausência de mistura S9. O Blue rayon foi menos eficiente na detecção da mutagenicidade total das amostras quando comparado com a XAD-4. Porém foi capaz de distinguir a mutagenicidade já presente na água bruta daquela gerada durante o tratamento.The combination of the Ames test and selective extraction methodologies has been successfully used to indicate the possible classes of organic contaminants in environmental samples. The aim of this study was to validate the use of Blue rayon as an alternative extraction method to detect compounds in raw and treated waters. Two different water bodies were evaluated and in one of the sites, raw waters were known to be contaminated with polycyclic compounds. Experiments comparing the Blue rayon technique with XAD-4 resin were done in environmental and spiked samples. The extracts were tested for mutagenicity with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100, with and without metabolic activation. Blue rayon was less efficient in detecting the overall mutagenicity of the samples analyzed in comparison with XAD-4. It was able though to distinguish the mutagenicity due to the contaminants in raw from the ones generated by water treatment

Blue Rayon as an alternative for extraction of genotoxic organic compounds present in water samples

A combinação do teste de Ames e métodos seletivos de extração para os principais grupos de compostos responsáveis pela atividade genotóxica em amostras ambientais tem sido muito utilizada. O objetivo foi validar o uso do Blue rayon como alternativa para extração de compostos presentes em águas brutas e tratadas. Foram realizados experimentos comparativos entre o Blue rayon e XAD-4 com amostras fortificadas e amostras reais. Dois mananciais, um contaminado com compostos policíclicos e outro não, foram estudados. As amostras foram extraídas com resina XAD4, e com Blue rayon, este último seletivo para compostos policíclicos. Os extratos foram testados com as linhagens de Salmonella typhimurium TA98 e TA100 na presença e ausência de mistura S9. O Blue rayon foi menos eficiente na detecção da mutagenicidade total das amostras quando comparado com a XAD-4. Porém foi capaz de distinguir a mutagenicidade já presente na água bruta daquela gerada durante o tratamento.The combination of the Ames test and selective extraction methodologies has been successfully used to indicate the possible classes of organic contaminants in environmental samples. The aim of this study was to validate the use of Blue rayon as an alternative extraction method to detect compounds in raw and treated waters. Two different water bodies were evaluated and in one of the sites, raw waters were known to be contaminated with polycyclic compounds. Experiments comparing the Blue rayon technique with XAD-4 resin were done in environmental and spiked samples. The extracts were tested for mutagenicity with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100, with and without metabolic activation. Blue rayon was less efficient in detecting the overall mutagenicity of the samples analyzed in comparison with XAD-4. It was able though to distinguish the mutagenicity due to the contaminants in raw from the ones generated by water treatment

Biomonitoring method for the simultaneous determination of cadmium and lead in whole blood by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry for assessment of environmental exposure

The aim of this work is to propose a biomonitoring method for the simultaneous determination of Cd and Pb in whole blood by simultaneous electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry for assessment of environmental levels. A volume of 200 mu L of whole blood was diluted in 500 mu L of 0.2% (w v(-1)) Triton(R) X-100 + 2.0% (v v(-1)) HNO3. Trichloroacetic acid was added for protein precipitation and the supernatant analyzed. A mixture of 250 mu g W + 200 mu g Rh as permanent and 2.0% (w v(-1)) NH4H2PO4 as co-injected modifiers were used. Characteristic masses and limits of detections (n = 20, 3s) for Cd and Pb were 1.26 and 33 pg and 0.026 mu g L-1 and 0.65 mu g L-1, respectively. Repeatability ranged from 1.8 to 6.8% for Cd and 1.2 to 1.7% for Pb. The trueness of method was checked by the analysis of three Reference Materials: Lyphocheck(R) Whole Blood Metals Control level 1 and Seronorm(TM) Trace Elements in Whole Blood levels 1 and 2. The found concentrations presented no statistical differences at the 95% confidence level. Blood samples from 40 volunteers without occupational exposure were analyzed and the concentrations ranged from 0.13 to 0.71 mu g L-1 (0.32 +/- 0.19 mu g L-1) for Cd and 9.3 to 56.7 mu g L-1 (25.1 +/- 10.8 mu g L-1) for Pb. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

EVALUATION OF DICLORAN`S CONTRIBUTION TO THE MUTAGENIC ACTIVITY OF CRISTAIS RIVER, BRAZIL, WATER SAMPLES

2,6-Dichloro-4-nitroaniline (dicloran) is a mutagenic aromatic amine used as an agricultural fungicide and in the synthesis of disperse dyes. It is a known mutagen (Salmonella/microsome assay) in strains TA98 and TA100. Dicloran was initially detected, but not quantified, in the Cristais River, Brazil. The objective of the present study was to estimate the contribution of dicloran to mutagenic activity in samples from this river. Dicloran was found in the raw water at 0.14 mu g/L but not in the treated water. Comparison of mutagenic potencies in Salmonella strain YG1041 for dicloran and the river water sample indicated that dicloran contributed less than 0.1% of total mutagenic activity.FAPESP Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paul

Mutagenicity of Blue Rayon Extracts of Fish Bile as a Biomarker in a Field Study

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Blue rayon (BR) in combination with the Salmonella/microsome assay was used to evaluate the mutagenicity of fish bile samples. Specimens of Mugil curema from two sites were collected over a 1-year period. Piacaguera channel contains high concentrations of total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and other contaminants, while Bertioga channel was considered the reference sites in this study. Bile was extracted with BR and tested with TA98, TA100, and YG1041 strains with and without S9 in dose response experiments. PAH metabolite equivalents were analyzed using reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography /fluorescence. Higher mutagenic responses were observed for the contaminated site; YG1041 with S9 was the most sensitive strain/condition. Mutagenicity ranged from 3,900 to 14,000 rev./mg at the contaminated site and from 1,200 to 2,500 rev./mg of BR at the reference site. The responses of YG1041 were much higher in comparison with the TA98 indicating the presence of polycyclic compounds from the aromatic amine class that cause frameshift mutation. TA100 showed a positive mutagenic response that was enhanced following S9 treatment at both sites suggesting the presence of polycyclic compounds that require metabolic activation. benzo(a)pyrene, naphthalene, and phenanthrene metabolite equivalents were also higher in the bile of fish collected at the contaminated site. It was not possible to correlate the PAH metabolite quantities with the mutagenic potency. Thus, a combination of the Salmonella/microsome assay with YG1041 with S9 from BR bile extract seems to be an acceptable biomarker for monitoring the exposure of fish to mutagenic polycyclic compounds. Environ. Mal. Mutagen. 51:173-179, 2010. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.512173179Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Mutagenicity of blue rayon extracts of fish bile as a biomarker in a field study

Blue rayon (BR) in combination with the Salmonella/microsome assay was used to evaluate the mutagenicity of fish bile samples. Specimens of Mugil curema from two sites were collected over a 1‐year period. Piaçaguera channel contains high concentrations of total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and other contaminants, while Bertioga channel was considered the reference sites in this study. Bile was extracted with BR and tested with TA98, TA100, and YG1041 strains with and without S9 in dose response experiments. PAH metabolite equivalents were analyzed using reverse‐phase high performance liquid chromatography /fluorescence. Higher mutagenic responses were observed for the contaminated site; YG1041 with S9 was the most sensitive strain/condition. Mutagenicity ranged from 3,900 to 14,000 rev./mg at the contaminated site and from 1,200 to 2,500 rev./mg of BR at the reference site. The responses of YG1041 were much higher in comparison with the TA98 indicating the presence of polycyclic compounds from the aromatic amine class that cause frameshift mutation. TA100 showed a positive mutagenic response that was enhanced following S9 treatment at both sites suggesting the presence of polycyclic compounds that require metabolic activation. benzo(a)pyrene, naphthalene, and phenanthrene metabolite equivalents were also higher in the bile of fish collected at the contaminated site. It was not possible to correlate the PAH metabolite quantities with the mutagenic potency. Thus, a combination of the Salmonella/microsome assay with YG1041 with S9 from BR bile extract seems to be an acceptable biomarker for monitoring the exposure of fish to mutagenic polycyclic compounds512173179COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESSem informaçã

Mutagenicity and DNA adduct formation of PAH, nitro-PAH, and oxy-PAH fractions of atmospheric particulate matter from Sao Paulo, Brazil

Urban particulate matter (UPM) contributes to lung cancer incidence. Here, we have studied the mutagenic activity and DNA adduct-forming ability of fractionated UPM extractable organic matter (EOM). UPM was collected with a high-volume sampler in June 2004 at two sites, one at street level adjacent to a roadway and the other inside a park within the urban area of the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil. UPM was extracted using dichloromethane, and the resulting EOM was separated by HPLC to obtain PAH, nitro-PAH, and oxy-PAH fractions which were tested for mutagenicity with the Salmonella strains TA98 and YG1041 with and without S9 metabolic activation. The PAH fraction from both sites showed negligible mutagenic activity in both strains. The highest mutagenic activity was found for the nitro-PAH fraction using YG1041 without metabolic activation; however, results were comparable for both sites. The nitro-PAH and oxy-PAH fractions were incubated with calf thymus DNA under reductive conditions appropriate for the activation of nitro aromatic compounds, then DNA adduct patterns and levels were determined with thin-layer chromatography (TLC) (32)p-postlabeling method using two enrichment procedures-nuclease PI digestion and butanol extraction. Reductively activated fractions from both sites produced diagonal radioactive zones (DRZ) of putative aromatic DNA adducts on thin layer plates with both enrichment procedures. No such DRZ were observed in control experiments using fractions from unexposed filters or from incubations without activating system. Total adduct levels produced by the nitro-PAH fractions were similar for both sites ranging from 30 to 45 adducts per 10(8) normal nucleotides. In contrast, the DNA binding of reductively activated oxy-PAH fractions was three times higher and the adduct pattern consisted of multiple discrete spots along the diagonal line on the thin layer plates. However, DNA adduct levels were not significantly different between the sampling sites. Both samples presented the same levels of mutagenic activity. The response in the Salmonella assay was typical of nitroaromatics. Although, more mutagenic activity was related to the nitro-PAH fraction in the Salmonella assay, the oxy-PAH fractions showed the highest DNA adduct levels. More studies are needed to elucidate the nature of the genotoxicants occurring in Sao Paulo atmospheric samples. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Single and mixture toxicity of four pharmaceuticals of environmental concern to aquatic organisms, including a behavioral assessment

Pharmaceuticals are frequently detected in aquatic environments as mixtures and can cause toxic effects to non-target organisms. We aimed to evaluate the single and mixture effects of the pharmaceuticals metformin, bisoprolol, ranitidine and sotalol using Daphnia similis and Danio rerio. In addition, we aimed to test the predictive accuracy of the mathematical models concentration addition and independent action and to evaluate the nature of the possible toxicological interactions among these pharmaceuticals using the combination index-isobologram model. The acute toxicity of these four pharmaceuticals individually and of their binary mixtures were evaluated using the D. similis tests. Developmental and behavioral effects induced by the pharmaceuticals in quaternary mixtures were evaluated using D. rerio embryos. We observed that most of the binary mixture effects were in the zone between the effects predicted by the concentration addition and the independent action model. The combination index-isobologram model showed to be adequate to describe the nature of possible interactions occurring between the combined pharmaceuticals. Developmental and behavioral acute adverse effects seem not to be induced by the joint action of the quaternary mixture of the evaluated pharmaceuticals on D. rerio embryos, at the concentrations at which they are usually found in surface fresh waters. However, from the results obtained with D. similis, we can conclude that assessing the ecological risk based on the effects of individual pharmaceuticals can underestimate the risk level posed by these environmental contaminants235373382CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal e Nível Superior88881.132858/2016-0