A Multi-Level Colour Thresholding Based Segmentation Approach for Improved Identification of the Defective Region in Leather Surfaces

Vision systems are recently adopted for defect detection in leather surface to overcome difficulties of labour intensive, time consuming manual inspection process. Suitable image processing techniques needs to be developed for accurate detection of leather defects. Existing research works have focused for gray scale based image processing techniques which requires conversion of colour images using an averaging method and it lacks sensitivity for detecting the leather defects due to the random and texture surface of the leather.  This work presents a colour processing approach for improved identification of leather defects using a multi-level thresholding function. In this work, the colour leather images are processed in ‘Lab’ colour domain for improving the human perception of discriminating the leather defects.  In the present work, the specific range of values for the colour attributes of different leather defect in colour leather samples are identified using the colour histogram.  MATLAB software routine is developed for identifying defects in specific ranges of colour attributes and the results are presented.  From the results, it is found that proposed provides a simpler approach for identifying the defective regions based on the colour attributes of the surface with improved human perception. The proposed methodology can be implemented in graphical processing units for efficiently detecting several types of defects using specific thresholds for the automated real-time inspection of leather defects

OFDM: A Mathematical Review

Mathematical review of the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is demonstrated in terms of Inter symbol interference, Multi carrier modulated system and cyclic prefix. Modeling of the mathematical equation of the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, Inverse fast Fourier transform and fast Fourier transform is explained with the suitable example using MATLAB. Bit error rate performance of OFDM is also presented with the help of statistical computation

Modeling and Simulation of Dewatering of Particulate Suspensions by Batch Pressure Filtration

A Darcy law based approach for simulation of batch const-ant pressure filtration of particulate suspensions when the feed solids concentration changes, is developed. Using filtration data obtained using a feed suspension with a not-very-low solids concentration, we propose procedures to predict changes in (0 kinetics of dewatering in the cake formation stage, and (ii)transition point between the cake formation and consolidation stages, as the initial solid concentration changes. The evolution of dewatering can be predicted using these two model parameters. The approach is simpler to implement in comparison to avail-able pressure filtration models which require several char acterization experiments

URL ATTACKS: Classification of URLs via Analysis and Learning

Social Networks such as Twitter, Facebook play a remarkable growth in recent years. The ratio of tweets or messages in the form of URLs increases day by day. As the number of URL increases, the probability of fabrication also gets increased using their HTML content as well as by the usage of tiny URLs. It is important to classify the URLs by means of some modern techniques. Conditional redirection method is used here by which the URLs get classified and also the target page that the user needs is achieved. Learning methods also introduced to differentiate the URLs and there by the fabrication is not possible. Also the classifiers will efficiently detect the suspicious URLs using link analysis algorithm

DEVELOPMENT OF ROPINIROLE (FREE BASE) TRANSDERMAL PATCH US ING BLENDS OF HYDROXYPROPYL METHYLCELLULOSE/EUDRAGITS AND IT’ S IN VITRO/ IN VIVO CHARACTERIZATION

The objective of this study was toprepare and evaluate a matrix type transdermal patch ofropinirole using blends ofhydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) and EudragitRL 100 and HPMC and Eudragit ERS100. Materialsand Methods: Ropinirole free based used as the drugentity was prepared from its hydrochloride salt.Suitability of the polymers in the form of drug-excipientcompatability was determined prior to formulationdevelopment using FTIR. Patches were developed usingsolvent evaporation technique. Limonene was used asa penetration enhancer. Moisture absorption,moisture content and mechanical properties, drugcontent, in vitro drug release, drug-excipient compatibility,in vitro skin permeation were the in vitro parametersmeasured. Short-term stability, skin irritation andin vivo drug release were measured with oneoptimized formulation. Results and discussion:Ropinirole free base was used successfully in thepreparation of the patches. FTIR studies indicated nointeraction between the drug and the polymers of thisstudy. Formulations developed were strong and notbrittle with uniform drug release. Patches containinghigher HPMC generally showed higher drug releaseand permeation. Drug release and permeation decreasedwith increase in the concentrations of Eudragits. Drugrelease studies indicated Higuchi model for all thepatches with a diffusion mechanism of non-fickian type.Short-term stability studies indicated that ropinirolewas stable in the patches. Patches did not cause any skinirritation. In vivo the optimized patch sustained drugrelease for 24 hours upon one time administration.Conclusion: Clinically viable ropinirole transdermalpatch can be successfully prepared from its base formusing HPMC/Eudragits

Improvement of voltage stability for grid connected solar photovoltaic systems using static synchronous compensator with recurrent neural network

Purpose. This article proposes a new control strategy for static synchronous compensator in utility grid system. The proposed photovoltaic fed static synchronous compensator is utilized along with recurrent neural network based reference voltage generation is presented in grid system network. The novelty of the proposed work consists in presenting a Landsman converter enhanced photovoltaic fed static synchronous compensator with recurrent neural network algorithm, to generate voltage and maintain the voltage-gain ratio. Methods. The proposed algorithm which provides sophisticated and cost-effective solution for utilization of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system as maximum power point tracking assures controlled output and supports the extraction of complete power from the photovoltaic panel. Grid is interconnected with solar power, voltage phase angle mismatch, harmonic and voltage instability may occur in the distribution grid. The proposed control technique strategy is validated using MATLAB/Simulink software and hardware model to analysis the working performances. Results. The results obtained show that the power quality issue, the proposed system to overcome through elimination of harmonics, reference current generation is necessary, which is accomplished by recurrent neural network. By recurrent neural network, the reference signal is generated more accurately and accordingly the pulses are generated for controlling the inverter. Originality. Compensation of power quality issues, grid stability and harmonic reduction in distribution network by using photovoltaic fed static synchronous compensator is utilized along with recurrent neural network controller. Practical value. The work concerns the comparative study and the application of static synchronous compensator with recurrent neural network controller to achieve a good performance control system of the distribution network system. This article presents a comparative study between the conventional static synchronous compensator, static synchronous compensator with recurrent neural network and hardware implementation with different load. The strategy based on the use of a static synchronous compensator with recurrent neural network algorithm for the control of the continuous voltage stability and harmonic for the distribution network-linear as well as non-linear loads in efficient manner. The study is validated by the simulation results based on MATLAB/Simulink software and hardware model.Мета. У статті пропонується нова стратегія управління статичним синхронним компенсатором в енергосистемі. Запропонований статичний синхронний компенсатор з живленням від фотоелектричних елементів використовується разом з генератором опорної напруги на основі нейронної рекурентної мережі, представленим в мережі енергосистеми. Новизна запропонованої роботи полягає у поданні статичного синхронного компенсатора з покращеним фотоелектричним перетворювачем Ландсмана з алгоритмом рекурентної нейронної мережі для генерації напруги та підтримки коефіцієнта посилення за напругою. Методи. Запропонований алгоритм, який забезпечує ефективне та економічне рішення для використання адаптивної нейро-нечіткої системи логічного виведення як відстеження точки максимальної потужності, забезпечує контрольований вихід та підтримує вилучення повної потужності з фотогальванічної панелі. Мережа взаємопов’язана із сонячною енергією, у розподільній мережі можуть виникати невідповідність фазового кута напруги, гармоніки та нестабільність напруги. Запропонована стратегія методу управління перевіряється з використанням моделей програмного забезпечення MATLAB/Simulink та апаратного забезпечення для аналізу робочих характеристик. Результати. Отримані результати показують, що проблема якості електроенергії, яку запропонована система долає за допомогою усунення гармонік,потребує генерації еталонного струму, що здійснюється рекурентною нейронної мережею. За допомогою рекурентної нейронної мережі більш точно формується еталонний сигнал і відповідно генеруються імпульси для керування інвертором. Оригінальність. Компенсація проблем з якістю електроенергії, стабільністю мережі та зниженням гармонік у розподільній мережі за допомогою статичного синхронного компенсатора з фотоелектричним живленням використовується разом із контролером рекурентної нейронної мережі. Практична цінність. Робота стосується порівняльного дослідження та застосування статичного синхронного компенсатора з рекурентним нейромережевим контролером для досягнення хорошої продуктивності системи управління системою розподільної мережі. У цій статті представлено порівняльне дослідження традиційного статичного синхронного компенсатора, статичного синхронного компенсатора з рекурентною нейронною мережею та апаратною реалізацією з різним навантаженням. Стратегія, що ґрунтується на використанні статичного синхронного компенсатора з рекурентним алгоритмом нейронної мережі для ефективного контролю стабільності постійної напруги та гармонік для лінійних та нелінійних навантажень розподільної мережі. Дослідження підтверджується результатами моделювання з урахуванням програмно-апаратної моделі MATLAB/Simulink

A study of phonosurgeries in vocal dysfunction.

Phonosurgery essentially is surgery defined to improve or restore voice. To accomplish such a goal, it is often necessary to remove diseased tissues, but eradication of diseases alone is not a sufficient measure of success in phonosurgery. Phonosurgery must be distinguished from conservation laryngeal surgery where the primary aim is eradication of the cancer and voice restoration is a secondary - albeit important - consideration. Dysphonia is the presenting symptom of the phonosurgical patient. The pathologic condition may include various benign vocal fold lesions or diseases affecting the neuromuscular function of the larynx. Dysphonia may result also from the normal aging process, excessive use and vocal abuse. There are many surgical approaches in phonosurgery and techniques continue to evolve. In this study, phonomicrosurgery and medialization laryngoplasty using Gore-Tex are described and their outcome analysed. Although surgical technique is an important determinant of outcome, diagnostic assessment, and surgical indication desire equal attention. It is always necessary to perform a comprehensive voice evaluation, identify the pathologic condition and recognize the appropriate surgical candidate before surgery. Excellent techniques cannot offset the damage done when surgery is performed on the wrong patient or for a nonsurgical problem. The team consists of a laryngologist and a speech pathologist (or phoniatrician) who are knowledgeable about voice production & pathology. Careful assessment should be done preoperatively to describe and localize the pathological condition. This is essential to treatment planning. Normal voice production requires a timely tuned neuromuscular system and mechanical integrity of the vocal folds. Some dysphonia can be corrected with voice therapy. However, when there is structural abnormality or irreversible neuromuscular damage, phonosurgical intervention is indicated. Phonosurgery should correct the mechanical problem without producing substantial secondary problem. Avoidance of secondary intention healing in the membranous vocal fold and appreciation of the histoarchitecture of the vocal fold will help the phonosurgeon avoid disastrous result. Vocal fold paralysis may be treated by voice therapy, implant, injection, framework surgery, and restoration. The results depend on the technique, materials and physiological and psychological status of the patient. In this study of phonosurgeries in vocal dysfunction, the patients who failed conservative therapy are categorized based on their lesions and the outcomes of various phonosurgical techniques (including phonomicrosurgery and medialization laryngoplasty) are analysed. The present study on phonosurgery concludes •Vocal polyp is the commonest benign lesion of the vocal cord that constitutes 40% in our study population. •21-50 years is the commonest age group affected with 74% of the patients fall in this age group. Males are affected more than the females. •Proper investigation of voice & larynx provides the exact pathological nature of the lesion and determines the timing of surgical intervention. •Thyroidectomy surgery is the common etiological factor in recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis causing unilateral vocal cord palsy. •Out study concludes that successful phonomicrosurgical resection of most commonly encountered lesions can be achieved and 90% of the patients had good outcome. •The success reported herein is the result of improvement in our understanding of the microlayered structure of the vocal folds underlying the vibration and availability of phonomicrosurgical instruments that helps in preserving the layered microstructure of vocal fold. •Most of the patients who underwent medialization laryngoplasty using Gore-Tex also had good outcome at the end of the voice therapy. Only one patient had fair outcome due to inadequate medialization of the vocal cord. •The advantages of Gore-Tex include ease of handling, ease of placement, can be easily adjustable, enhances the speed of surgery and is biocompatible. •No major complications encountered in our study on phonosurgeries. •A team approach including good vocal rehabilitation is of paramount important in obtaining satisfactory outcomes in phonosurgery. The patient and the surgeon must approach phonosurgery collaboratively so that there is mutual responsibility for the decision to operate