An application of design of experiments approach to statistically model and optimize performance parameters of a single cylinder four-stroke diesel engine

This paper investigates the application of design of experiments to enhance the performance characteristics such as indicated thermal power and mechanical efficiency of a four-stroke diesel engine with single cylinder. The dependent response variables are examined by varying the independent variables namely engine speed from 1421 to 1435 rpm, load from 18 to 28 kg and fuel flow rate from 2.5 to 3 kg/h. The influence of the input parameters and their interactions on the response functions are quantified using mathematical models. Statistical analysis comprising of analysis of variance, residuals, Pareto and normal probability are used for validating the models and obtaining relevant parameters. Engine load is proved to be the most significant factor influencing the indicated thermal power while fuel flow rate considerably impacts the mechanical efficiency. The optimum settings of the input variables are determined to be engine speed of 1435 rpm, load 28 kg and fuel flow rate 2.5 kg/h. The indicated thermal power is maximized to 27.3025 kW whereas mechanical efficiency have been increased to 80.0775 percent with the optimum settings

Case Report on Conjunctivitis an Outbreak Disease in Dehradun India

On July, 2023, the head of a GDMC, Dehradun similar eye symptoms among the students. We investigated the cluster to confirm the diagnosis, identify potential exposures, and propose recommendations. We defined a case as redness/watering/discharge from any eye among the students15 July, 2023 to 20 august 2023. We actively searched for the cases and calculated attack rates. We drew epicurve by date of symptoms onset. We conducted a Prospective cohort study of students and staff. We collected data on potential exposures and calculated Risk Ratio (RR), 95% Confidence Interval (95%CI), and Population Attributable Risk (PAR)

A Brief Description of Different Types of Cancers and Role of Some Herbs & Bioactive Compounds in Lung Cancer Management

Cancer immunotherapy has considerably raised patient survival rates and significantly improved patients\u27 quality of life in comparison to the gold standard of care, which includes chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery. Immunotherapy has firmly established itself as a novel pillar of cancer care across the board, from the metastatic stage all the way through adjuvant and neoadjuvant treatment in a wide variety of cancer types. In this overview, the primary emphasis will be placed on the seminal moments in the history of cancer immunotherapy that prepared the way for the cutting-edge treatments that are available today. Cancer treatment that makes use of medicinal herbs and the phytocompounds that can be obtained from those herbs is becoming an increasingly attractive option. It has been demonstrated in a number of clinical studies that the use of herbal medicines in conjunction with conventional therapy can increase survival rates, immunological modulation, and quality of life (QOL) in patients who have cancer. In addition to this, we highlight the challenges and restrictions currently faced by cancer checkpoint immunotherapy as well as the cutting-edge research being conducted in the fields of individualized cancer vaccines, autoimmunity, the microbiome, the microenvironment of tumors, and metabolomics to find solutions to these problems. For hundreds of years, practitioners of traditional medicine have depended on treatments derived from plants. Many studies on their use have been carried out all over the world, and some of the findings have led to the development of medicines that are derived from plants. The global market for medicinal plant products is estimated to be worth more than one hundred billion dollars each year. This research investigates the role, contributions, and utility of medicinal plants in the context of the current strategic methods to disease prevention, notably lung cancer, which is a public health concern. The focus of this research is on the current strategic approaches to disease prevention

A Review on Most Opthalmic Viral Disease Conjunctivitivs (Eye Flu)

Ophthalmology clinics around the world see a lot of patients with conjunctivitis. Severe pain, impaired vision, and a painful pupillary reaction are all red flags for more serious intraocular disorders that should be taken into account while treating suspected cases of conjunctivitis. In patients with unusual findings and a chronic course, it is also important to have a complete medical and ocular history and do a comprehensive physical examination. The existence of a systemic ailment affecting the conjunctiva may be shown by concurrent findings on physical exam and pertinent history. The vast majority of cases of conjunctivitis still originate from viruses. Bacterial conjunctivitis is the second most prevalent cause of infectious conjunctivitis; however it is much less common than viral conjunctivitis. Nearly half of the population experiences allergic conjunctivitis, characterised by symptoms like itching, mucoid discharge, chemosis, and edoema of the eyelids. A patient with conjunctival irritation and discharge who has used preservative-containing eye drops regularly likely has toxic conjunctivitis. Timely diagnosis, proper classification of the various aetiologies, and suitable treatment are essential components of effective management of conjunctivitis

Recent Advancement in Ocular Drug Delivery System: A Systematic Review

Recent scientific and technological advancements have made ophthalmology a top priority for the study of therapeutic products, including the creation, preclinical testing, and clinical evaluation of novel medications, medical devices, and drug-medical device combinations. In order to decrease metabolism and elimination and increase residence time in ocular tissues and compartments, sustained-release drug delivery systems such as liposomes, micelles, nano-emulsions, nanoparticles with colloidal structures, and intraocular implants have been developed. Research is also being conducted in the area of cutting-edge medicines, including those based on gene or cell systems, both of which are considered high-risk products because to their intricate structures. Regarding the definition of drug (medicinal product) and recent changes in regulation, this article reviews recent advancements in ophthalmic drug, gene, and cellular delivery systems and related goods as well as breakthroughs in advanced therapeutic medicinal Products

Phytochemical and Anti-Inflammatory Evaluation of Herbal Gel Prepared from Bark Extract of Mesua Ferrea Linn

The present research work involves formulation of herbal gel containing stem bark extracts of Mesua ferrea Linn and its evaluation for in vitro anti-inflammatory activity. The gel formulations were prepared using ethanolic extracts along with different polymer. The physiochemical parameters of formulations like; pH, viscosity and spreadability etc. also evaluated. Phytochemical analysis revealed presence of phenols, flavonoids and alkaloids, etc. The ethanolic extracts showed appreciable anti-inflammatory activity compared to the standard drug. Study confirmed that potential anti-inflammatory formulation can be developed from bark extract of Mesua ferrea Linn.   Keywords: Mesua ferrea Linn., Anti-inflammatory, Herbal Gel, Phytochemical, Albumin denaturation

Role of Nanoparticles in Abiotic Stress

Nanotechnology is currently seeking much attention of researchers because of their wide applications in diverse sectors including agriculture. The influence of nanoparticles on physiological state of plants at the different levels of their organization, beginning from molecular, has been studied at various plants. It is known that nanoparticles in different concentrations can impact both positive and negative biological effects. Nanomaterials confer profound uses for sustainable crop production, reducing loss of nutrients, suppression of diseases and thereby enhancing the yields. Concerning the role of nanomaterials in alleviating the damage of plant abiotic stresses or in inhibiting plant growth and its toxicity, further studies are essential under different levels including plant molecular and cellular levels. A wide variety of research has been conducted to study plant responses to waterlogging stress that include various disciplines like molecular, biochemical, and physiological, anatomical and morphological examinations. Nano technological implications for curbing water-logged conditions recently came into limelight and have drawn much attention in the last few years. Nanotechnology is defined as the systems and processes which operate at a scale of 100 nm or less. Nanotechnology has many applications in the field of agriculture. There are majority of nano-materials which are known for its plant growth promoting effects. Nanoparticles have unique physiochemical properties such as high reactivity, particle morphology, and large surface area. They also boost the plant metabolism

Development and standardisation of Laghu Sudarshan Churna – An Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation

106-112Laghu Sudarshan Churna, LSC is an Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation employed for different types of jvaras (fevers). The present study was undertaken to prepare its standardised formulation and to standardise the finished product using quality control procedures mentioned in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API). For this, four batches of the finished products were prepared on a laboratory scale and performed the pharmacognostical parameters (macroscopic, microscopic and powder drug analysis); thin layer chromatography; quantitative physicochemical evaluation including loss on drying, total ash, acid-insoluble ash, alcohol & water soluble extractive values, and pH; & measuring the level of aflatoxins, microbial load, heavy metals and pesticide residues of the finished product. This study is the foremost effort to develop the standardised formulation along with the evaluation parameters for LSC. Thus, obtained results would be beneficial and will act as the reference for the standardisation of LSC

Effectiveness of a national quality improvement programme to improve survival after emergency abdominal surgery (EPOCH): a stepped-wedge cluster-randomised trial

Background: Emergency abdominal surgery is associated with poor patient outcomes. We studied the effectiveness of a national quality improvement (QI) programme to implement a care pathway to improve survival for these patients. Methods: We did a stepped-wedge cluster-randomised trial of patients aged 40 years or older undergoing emergency open major abdominal surgery. Eligible UK National Health Service (NHS) hospitals (those that had an emergency general surgical service, a substantial volume of emergency abdominal surgery cases, and contributed data to the National Emergency Laparotomy Audit) were organised into 15 geographical clusters and commenced the QI programme in a random order, based on a computer-generated random sequence, over an 85-week period with one geographical cluster commencing the intervention every 5 weeks from the second to the 16th time period. Patients were masked to the study group, but it was not possible to mask hospital staff or investigators. The primary outcome measure was mortality within 90 days of surgery. Analyses were done on an intention-to-treat basis. This study is registered with the ISRCTN registry, number ISRCTN80682973. Findings: Treatment took place between March 3, 2014, and Oct 19, 2015. 22 754 patients were assessed for elegibility. Of 15 873 eligible patients from 93 NHS hospitals, primary outcome data were analysed for 8482 patients in the usual care group and 7374 in the QI group. Eight patients in the usual care group and nine patients in the QI group were not included in the analysis because of missing primary outcome data. The primary outcome of 90-day mortality occurred in 1210 (16%) patients in the QI group compared with 1393 (16%) patients in the usual care group (HR 1·11, 0·96–1·28). Interpretation: No survival benefit was observed from this QI programme to implement a care pathway for patients undergoing emergency abdominal surgery. Future QI programmes should ensure that teams have both the time and resources needed to improve patient care. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Health Services and Delivery Research Programme