Descriptions du pays dans "Voyages aux isles de l’Amérique (1693-1705)" de R. P. Labat. Production d’un espace colonial

Focussing on descriptions of the land, this article examines the production of space in "Les Voyages aux Isles de l’Amérique (1693-1705)" by J. B Labat, a Dominican missionary. In Labat’s travel writing the narrated journey offers a double construction of a colonial space and of the self as master of the world. By privileging the traveling missionary’s direct experience through various spatial representations and practices, Labat organizes the Caribbean landscape according to a European model and domesticates nature. However, whereas such spatial construction allows for the self to emerge, it is based on the exclusion of the Other. In Labat’s travel account the Caribbean is constructed as a utopian space for experimentation, resembling a French garden where the colonial engineer-hero may bloom

L’écriture arborescente de la Caraïbe : esquisse d’une écopoétique en situation

Cet article explore le rôle et la présence des arbres et des forêts dans deux romans antillais: Édouard Glissant (Mahagony) et Maryse Condé (Traversée de la mangrove). Nous verrons que les arbres agissent et s’inscrivent dans la poétique même des textes et nous tenterons de montrer comment ces auteurs forgent une sorte d’écriture arborescente qui s’enracine dans le local tout en tendant vers le monde extérieur. En se servant des arbres pour repenser le rapport à leur réalité passée et présente, entre violence et beauté, révolte et soumission, ces auteurs tentent, à travers l’écriture, d’articuler différemment le sujet postcolonial. Par le biais de cette interrogation, les enjeux sont également théoriques. L’article cherche à mettre en question une certaine opposition qui s’est établie entre d’une part une écocritique, basée sur les cultural studies dont font partie les études postcoloniales, et d’autre part une écopoétique focalisée sur le texte. Nous parlerons donc d’une écopoétique située où le contexte culturel, social, historique et littéraire surgit du texte même et entre dans l’écriture comme force créatrice

Fanon’s Nordic Adventure: A Brief Study of Translations and Reception

Fanon seems to have played an exceptional role in Scandinavia, and especially in Sweden. Last year’s appearance of Göran Olsson’s documentary film 'Concerning Violence. Nine Scenes from the Anti-Imperialistic Self Defense', based on the first chapter of 'Les Damnés de la terre' and narrated by Lauryn Hill, only goes to show that he is still highly relevant. When working toward the completion of this special issue on Frantz Fanon in a Caribbean context, I came to reflect upon his position in the North wondering if it would be possible to map Fanon’s presence in Sweden, and from this mapping, understand why Fanon has been a prevailing reference for academics, intellectuals and artists. Studying Fanon’s presence involves various subjects and disciplines since it raises questions of how the Left has evolved, of how certain concepts are transposed from one language and context to another reality in another language depending on factors such as who introduced Fanon, through which channels and to what purpose. What follows here is an essayistic pilot-study, more based on conversations and observations than on theory and methodology. Hopefully, it will offer the reader a basic outline and a description of a phenomenon in what we can call a “peripherical translation zone” that may, even though it is incomplete, contribute to decentering translation studies, and allow us to estimate the tremendous impact of Fanon in this region, an impact that, as we shall soon see, has far more ramifications than one would tend to believe

Influence of genetic variations in TLR4 and TIRAP/Mal on the course of sepsis and pneumonia and cytokine release: an observational study in three cohorts

Introduction: It has been proposed that individual genetic variation contributes to the course of severe infections and sepsis. Recent studies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the endotoxin receptor and its signaling system showed an association with the risk of disease development. This study aims to examine the response associated with genetic variations of TLR4, the receptor for bacterial LPS, and a central intracellular signal transducer (TIRAP/Mal) on cytokine release and for susceptibility and course of severe hospital acquired infections in distinct patient populations. Methods: Three intensive care units in tertiary care university hospitals in Greece and Germany participated. 375 and 415 postoperative patients and 159 patients with ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) were included. TLR4 and TIRAP/Mal polymorphisms in 375 general surgical patients were associated with risk of infection, clinical course and outcome. In two prospective studies, 415 patients following cardiac surgery and 159 patients with newly diagnosed VAP predominantly caused by Gram-negative bacteria were studied for cytokine levels in-vivo and after ex-vivo monocyte stimulation and clinical course. Results: Patients simultaneously carrying polymorphisms in TIRAP/Mal and TLR4 and patients homozygous for the TIRAP/Mal SNP had a significantly higher risk of severe infections after surgery (odds ratio (OR) 5.5; confidence interval (CI): 1.34 - 22.64; P = 0.02 and OR: 7.3; CI: 1.89 - 28.50; P < 0.01 respectively). Additionally we found significantly lower circulating cytokine levels in double-mutant individuals with ventilator associated pneumonia and reduced cytokine production in an ex-vivo monocyte stimulation assay, but this difference was not apparent in TIRAP/Mal-homozygous patients. In cardiac surgery patients without infection, the cytokine release profiles were not changed when comparing different genotypes. Conclusions: Carriers of mutations in sequential components of the TLR signaling system may have an increased risk for severe infections. Patients with this genotype showed a decrease in cytokine release when infected which was not apparent in patients with sterile inflammation following cardiac surgery

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AIDS-related mycoses: the way forward.

The contribution of fungal infections to the morbidity and mortality of HIV-infected individuals is largely unrecognized. A recent meeting highlighted several priorities that need to be urgently addressed, including improved epidemiological surveillance, increased availability of existing diagnostics and drugs, more training in the field of medical mycology, and better funding for research and provision of treatment, particularly in developing countries

Aimé Césaire, ¿Es Gracioso? Negro Humor Negro en TROPIQUES

Este trabajo aborda el humor en la obra temprana de aimé césaire. Si bien el humor es un tema recurrente en artículos y poemas publicados en la revista cultural, literaria y filosófica Tropiques (1941-1945), editada por René Ménil, suzanne y aimé césaire, esta característica particular de la poesía y del pensamiento de césaire ha recibido muy poca atención crítica. observando el modo en que césaire y Ménil reinterpretan el humor negro surrealista tanto como nociones del humor freudianas y hegelianas,este artículo explora la concepción particular de césaire del humor y la modulación que éste adquiere en su poesía. señalaré que mientras el humor opera mayormente como un instrumento de revuelta, existe unaversión negativa del humor asociada con la noción de lo cómico. según mi lectura, el humor puede distinguirse de lo cómico en tanto acarrea un proceso de toma de conciencia. En este sentido, se encuentra finalmente ligado a la subjetivación