Multi-Word Terminology Extraction and Its Role in Document Embedding

Automated terminology extraction is a crucial task in natural language processing and ontology construction. Termhood can be inferred using linguistic and statistic techniques. This thesis focuses on the statistic methods. Inspired by feature selection techniques in documents classification, we experiment with a variety of metrics including PMI (point-wise mutual information), MI (mutual information), and Chi-squared. We find that PMI is in favour of identifying top keywords in a domain, but Chi-squared can recognize more keywords overall. Based on this observation, we propose a hybrid approach, called HMI, that combines the best of PMI and Chi-squared. HMI outperforms both PMI and Chi-squared. The result is verified by comparing overlapping between the extracted keywords and the author-identified keywords in arXiv data. When the corpora are computer science and physics papers, the top-100 hit rate can reach 0.96 for HMI. We also demonstrate that terminologies can improve documents embeddings. In this experiment, we treat machine-identified multi-word terminologies with one word. Then we use the transformed text as input for the document embedding. Compared with the representations learnt from unigrams only, we observe a performance improvement over 9.41% for F1 score in arXiv data on document classification tasks

Experimental Investigations Of Fluid Dynamic And Thermal Performance Of Nanofluids

Thesis (Ph.D.) University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2007The goal of this research was to investigate the fluid dynamic and thermal performance of various nanofluids. Nanofluids are dispersions of metallic nanometer size particles (<100 nm) into the base fluids. The choice of base fluid is an ethylene or propylene glycol and water mixture in cold regions. Initially the rheological characterization of copper oxide (CuO) nanofluids in water and in propylene glycol was performed. Results revealed that higher concentrations of CuO nanoparticles (5 to 15%) in water exhibited time-independent pseudoplastic and shear-thinning behavior. Lower concentrations (1 to 6%) of CuO nanofluids in propylene glycol revealed that these nanofluids behaved as Newtonian fluids. Both nanofluids showed that viscosity decreased exponentially with increase in temperature. Subsequent correlations for viscosities as a function of volume concentration and temperature were developed. Effects of different thermophysical properties on the Prandtl number of CuO, silicon dioxide (SiO2) and aluminum oxide (A12O 3) nanofluids were investigated. Results showed that the Prandtl number increased with increasing volume concentrations, which in turn increased the heat transfer coefficients of the nanofluids. Various nanofluids were compared for their heat transfer rates based on the Mouromtseff number, which is a Figure of Merit for heat transfer fluids. From this analysis, the optimal concentrations of nanoparticles in base fluids were found for CuO-water nanofluids. Experiments were performed to investigate the convective heat transfer enhancement and pressure loss of CuO, SiO2 and A12O 3 nanofluids in the turbulent regime. The increases in heat transfer coefficient by nanofluids for various volume concentrations compared to the base fluid were determined. Pressure loss was observed to increase with nanoparticle volume concentration. It was observed that an increase in particle diameter increased the heat transfer coefficient. Calculations showed that application of nanofluids in heat exchangers in buildings could result in volumetric flow reduction, reduction in the mass flow rate and size, and pumping power savings. Experiments on a diesel electric generator with nanofluids showed a reduction of cogeneration efficiency due to the decrease in specific heat compared to the base fluids. However, it was found that the efficiency of the waste heat recovery heat exchanger increased for nanofluids

Diffuse phase transition and electrical properties of lead-free piezoelectric (LixNa1-x)NbO3 (0.04 to x to 0.20) ceramics near morphotropic phase boundary

Temperature-dependent dielectric permittivity of lead-free (LixNa1-x)NbO3 for nominal x = 0.04-0.20, prepared by solid state reaction followed by sintering, was studied to resolve often debated issue pertaining to exactness of morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) location along with structural aspects and phase stability in the system near MPB. Interestingly, a diffuse phase transition has been observed in the dielectric permittivity peak arising from the disorder induced in A-site and structural frustration in the perovskite cell due to Li substitution. A partial phase diagram has been proposed based on temperature-dependent dielectric permittivity studies. The room temperature piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties were investigated and the ceramics with x = 0.12 showed relatively good electrical properties (d33 = 28 pC/N, kp = 13.8%, Qm = 440, Pr = 12.5 {micro}C/cm2, EC = 43.2 kV/cm, Tm = 340 oC). These parameter values make this material suitable for piezoelectric resonator and filter applications. Moreover, a high dielectric permittivity (= 2703) with broad diffuse peak near transition temperature along with low dielectric loss (< 4%) in a wide temperature range (50-250 oC) found in this material may also have a potential application in high-temperature multilayer capacitors in automotive and aerospace related industries.Comment: 20 pages, 8 figure

Prostate-Associated Gene 4 (PAGE4): Leveraging the Conformational Dynamics of a Dancing Protein Cloud as a Therapeutic Target.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity globally. While genomic alterations have been identified in PCa, in contrast to some other cancers, use of such information to personalize treatment is still in its infancy. Here, we discuss how PAGE4, a protein which appears to act both as an oncogenic factor as well as a metastasis suppressor, is a novel therapeutic target for PCa. Inhibiting PAGE4 may be a viable strategy for low-risk PCa where it is highly upregulated. Conversely, PAGE4 expression is downregulated in metastatic PCa and, therefore, reinstituting its sustained expression may be a promising option to subvert or attenuate androgen-resistant PCa. Thus, fine-tuning the levels of PAGE4 may represent a novel approach for personalized medicine in PCa

Solubility Enhancement of Water Insoluble Drug for Ophthalmic Formulation

Product development of ophthalmic preparations has received considerable attention in the last few years. With the increasing emphasis on their sterility, some of the differences between them and parenteral preparations are becoming less evident. Both classes of preparations employ similar added substances and manufacturing procedures. The successful formulation of poorly water-soluble drugs is one of the major problems in pharmaceutical manufacturing. Poorly water-soluble drugs, such as indomethacin, may show low and erratic oral bioavailability due to poor dissolution of the drug in the fluids of the gastrointestinal tract. Indomethacin is a water insoluble drug, so problems of formulating an aqueous eye-drop are well known. Moreover, unstability of Indomethacin aqueous preparations is also a great challenge. In this research work, considering pharmacological importance of drug Indomethacin, we tried to overcome the problem of poor water solubility by making a salt of it and thus formulating an aqueous ophthalmic preparation.Keywords: ophthalmic preparation, indomethacin salt, aqueous eye drops, poor water soluble drugs

Prostate-associated gene 4 (PAGE4), an intrinsically disordered cancer/testis antigen, is a novel therapeutic target for prostate cancer

Prostate-associated gene 4 (PAGE4) is a remarkably prostate-specific Cancer/Testis Antigen that is highly upregulated in the human fetal prostate and its diseased states but not in the adult normal gland. PAGE4 is an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) that functions as a stress-response protein to suppress reactive oxygen species as well as prevent DNA damage. In addition, PAGE4 is also a transcriptional regulator that potentiates transactivation by the oncogene c-Jun. c-Jun forms the AP-1 complex by heterodimerizing with members of the Fos family and plays an important role in the development and pathology of the prostate gland, underscoring the importance of the PAGE4/c-Jun interaction. HIPK1, also a component of the stress-response pathway, phosphorylates PAGE4 at T51 which is critical for its transcriptional activity. Phosphorylation induces conformational and dynamic switching in the PAGE4 ensemble leading to a new cellular function. Finally, bioinformatics evidence suggests that the PAGE4 mRNA could be alternatively spliced resulting in four potential isoforms of the polypeptide alluding to the possibility of a range of conformational ensembles with latent functions. Considered together, the data suggest that PAGE4 may represent the first molecular link between stress and prostate cancer (PCa). Thus, pharmacologically targeting PAGE4 may be a novel opportunity for treating and managing patients with PCa, especially patients with low-risk disease