6,650 research outputs found
Pluto: A Monte Carlo Simulation Tool for Hadronic Physics
Pluto is a Monte-Carlo event generator designed for hadronic interactions
from Pion production threshold to intermediate energies of a few GeV per
nucleon, as well as for studies of heavy ion reactions. This report gives an
overview of the design of the package, the included models and the user
interface.Comment: XI International Workshop on Advanced Computing and Analysis
Techniques in Physics Research, April 23-27 2007, Amsterdam, the Netherland
Stellar Archaeology in the Galactic halo with the Ultra-Faint Dwarfs: VI. Ursa Major II
We present a B, V color-magnitude diagram (CMD) of the Milky Way dwarf
satellite Ursa Major II (UMa II), spanning the magnitude range from V ~ 15 to V
~ 23.5 mag and extending over a 18 {\times} 18 arcmin2 area centered on the
galaxy. Our photometry goes down to about 2 magnitudes below the galaxy's main
sequence turn-off, that we detected at V ~ 21.5 mag. We have discovered a
bona-fide RR Lyrae variable star in UMa II, which we use to estimate a
conservative dereddened distance modulus for the galaxy of (m-M)0 =
17.70{\pm}0.04{\pm}0.12 mag, where the first error accounts for the
uncertainties of the calibrated photometry, and the second reflects our lack of
information on the metallicity of the star. The corresponding distance to UMa
II is 34.7 {\pm} 0.6 ({\pm} 2.0) kpc. Our photometry shows evidence of a spread
in the galaxy subgiant branch, compatible with a spread in metal abundance in
the range between Z=0.0001 and Z=0.001. Based on our estimate of the distance,
a comparison of the fiducial lines of the Galactic globular clusters (GCs) M68
and M5 ([Fe/H]=-2.27 {\pm} 0.04 dex and -1.33 {\pm} 0.02 dex, respectively),
with the position on the CMD of spectroscopically confirmed galaxy members, may
suggest the existence of stellar populations of different metal abundance/age
in the central region of UMa II.Comment: To appear in Ap
Periphytic Algae Decouple Fungal Activity From Leaf Litter Decomposition Via Negative Priming
1. Well‐documented in terrestrial settings, priming effects describe stimulated heterotrophic microbial activity and decomposition of recalcitrant carbon by additions of labile carbon. In aquatic settings, algae produce labile exudates which may elicit priming during organic matter decomposition, yet the directions and mechanisms of aquatic priming effects remain poorly tested.
2. We tested algal‐induced priming during decomposition of two leaf species of contrasting recalcitrance, Liriodendron tulipifera and Quercus nigra, in experimental streams under light or dark conditions. We measured litter‐associated algal, bacterial, and fungal biomass and activity, stoichiometry, and litter decomposition rates over 43 days.
3. Light increased algal biomass and production rates, in turn increasing bacterial abundance 141%–733% and fungal production rates 20%–157%. Incubations with a photosynthesis inhibitor established that algal activity directly stimulated fungal production rates in the short term.
4. Algal‐stimulated fungal production rates on both leaf species were not coupled to long‐term increases in fungal biomass accrual or litter decomposition rates, which were 154%–157% and 164%–455% greater in the dark, respectively. The similar patterns on fast‐ vs. slow‐decomposing L. tulipifera and Q. nigra, respectively, indicated that substrate recalcitrance may not mediate priming strength or direction.
5. In this example of negative priming, periphytic algae decoupled fungal activity from decomposition, likely by providing labile carbon invested towards greater fungal growth and reproduction instead of recalcitrant carbon degradation. If common, algal‐induced negative priming could stimulate heterotrophy reliant on labile carbon yet suppress decomposition of recalcitrant carbon, modifying energy and nutrients available to upper trophic levels and enhancing organic carbon storage or export in well‐lit aquatic habitats
Time-Series Photometry of Globular Clusters: M62 (NGC 6266), the Most RR Lyrae-Rich Globular Cluster in the Galaxy?
We present new time-series CCD photometry, in the B and V bands, for the
moderately metal-rich ([Fe/H] ~ -1.3) Galactic globular cluster (GC) M62 (NGC
6266). The present dataset is the largest obtained so far for this cluster, and
consists of 168 images per filter, obtained with the Warsaw 1.3m telescope at
the Las Campanas Observatory (LCO) and the 1.3m telescope of the Cerro Tololo
Inter-American Observatory (CTIO), in two separate runs over the time span of
three months. The procedure adopted to detect the variable stars was the
optimal image subtraction method (ISIS v2.2), as implemented by Alard. The
photometry was performed using both ISIS and DAOPHOT/ALLFRAME. We have
identified 245 variable stars in the cluster fields that have been analyzed so
far, of which 179 are new discoveries. Of these variables, 133 are fundamental
mode RR Lyrae stars (RRab), 76 are first overtone (RRc) pulsators, 4 are type
II Cepheids, 25 are long-period variables (LPV), 1 is an eclipsing binary, and
6 are not yet well classified. Such a large number of RR Lyrae stars places M62
among the top two most RR Lyrae-rich (in the sense of total number of RR Lyrae
stars present) GCs known in the Galaxy, second only to M3 (NGC 5272) with a
total of 230 known RR Lyrae stars. Since this study covers most but not all of
the cluster area, it is not unlikely that M62 is in fact the most RR Lyrae-rich
GC in the Galaxy. In like vein, we were also able to detect the largest sample
of LPV's known in a Galactic GC. We analyze a variety of Oosterhoff type
indicators for the cluster, and conclude that M62 is an Oosterhoff type I
system. This is in good agreement with the moderately high metallicity of the
cluster, in spite of its predominantly blue horizontal branch morphology --
which is more typical of Oosterhoff type II systems. We thus conclude that
metallicity plays a key role in defining Oosterhoff type. [abridged]Comment: 22 pages, 14 figures (emulateapj format). AJ, in pres
The Gamma Ray Burst section of the White Paper on the Status and Future of Very High Energy Gamma Ray Astronomy: A Brief Preliminary Report
Original paper can be found at: http://proceedings.aip.org/proceedings/ Copyright American Institute of Physics DOI: 10.1063/1.2943545otherPeer reviewe
Disciplining Skepticism Through Kant’s Critique, Fichte’s Idealism, and Hegel’s Negations
This chapter considers the encounter of skepticism with the Kantian and post-Kantian philosophical enterprise and focuses on the intriguing feature whereby it is assimilated into this enterprise. In this period, skepticism becomes interchangeable with its other, which helps understand the proliferation of many kinds of views under its name and which forms the background for transforming skepticism into an anonymous, routine practice of raising objections and counter-objections to one’s own view. German philosophers of this era counterpose skepticism to dogmatism and criticism, ancient to modern skepticism, and, importantly, conceptualize the transitions from one form to another, which forms the conceptual matrix in which new disciplinary forms, such as psychology, anthropology, and historicism contend for cultural-intellectual standing beside philosophy. I present this assimilationist trajectory by reviewing three well-known moments of this encounter of skepticism and idealism: (1) Kant’s idealization of skepticism as a floating position amidst various philosophical positions through the dialectic, polemics, systematics, and history of pure reason; (2) Fichte’s schematic conception of skepticism as a dispute of systems in the early Wissenschaftslehre following his review of the skeptic G. E. Schulze’s attacks on Critical philosophy; (3) Hegel’s historicizing conception of skepticism in the context of differences between subjective idealism and speculative thought and his early Jena review of another work by the same skeptic Schulze
The structure of the PapD-PapGII pilin complex reveals an open and flexible P5 pocket
P pili are hairlike polymeric structures that mediate binding of uropathogenic Escherichia coli to the surface of the kidney via the PapG adhesin at their tips. PapG is composed of two domains: a lectin domain at the tip of the pilus followed by a pilin domain that comprises the initial polymerizing subunit of the 1,000-plus-subunit heteropolymeric pilus fiber. Prior to assembly, periplasmic pilin domains bind to a chaperone, PapD. PapD mediates donor strand complementation, in which a beta strand of PapD temporarily completes the pilin domain's fold, preventing premature, nonproductive interactions with other pilin subunits and facilitating subunit folding. Chaperone-subunit complexes are delivered to the outer membrane usher where donor strand exchange (DSE) replaces PapD's donated beta strand with an amino-terminal extension on the next incoming pilin subunit. This occurs via a zip-in-zip-out mechanism that initiates at a relatively accessible hydrophobic space termed the P5 pocket on the terminally incorporated pilus subunit. Here, we solve the structure of PapD in complex with the pilin domain of isoform II of PapG (PapGIIp). Our data revealed that PapGIIp adopts an immunoglobulin fold with a missing seventh strand, complemented in parallel by the G1 PapD strand, typical of pilin subunits. Comparisons with other chaperone-pilin complexes indicated that the interactive surfaces are highly conserved. Interestingly, the PapGIIp P5 pocket was in an open conformation, which, as molecular dynamics simulations revealed, switches between an open and a closed conformation due to the flexibility of the surrounding loops. Our study reveals the structural details of the DSE mechanism
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