Qualitative Content Analysis: From Kracauer's Beginnings to Today's Challenges

At the beginning of the 1950s, when communication research was at its peak, KRACAUER coined the term "qualitative content analysis." Today, the method is one of the most frequently used social research methods in Germany. Building on KRACAUER's line of argument, in this article I identify three fields for further development of the method: first, a more qualitative type of analysis following the formation of categories and the data coding process; second, a case orientation complementing category-based analysis, which is characteristic of qualitative research but has so far played a negligible role in qualitative content analysis; third, a stronger reference to the international methodological discussion where qualitative content analysis remains a little known method. In addition, I further reflect on methodological considerations, concluding by focusing on standards and quality criteria and advocating for the continued development of methodological rigor.Zu Beginn der 1950er Jahre, als die Kommunikationsforschung ihre Blütezeit erlebte, führte KRACAUER den Begriff "qualitative content analysis" ein. Heute gehört die qualitative Inhaltsanalyse in Deutschland zu den in der Sozialforschung am häufigsten benutzten Methoden. Anknüpfend an KRACAUERs Argumentation schlage ich drei Felder der Weiterentwicklung vor: erstens eine stärker qualitativ ausgerichtete Analyse nach der Bildung der Kategorien und der Codierung der Daten; zweitens eine die kategorienbasierte Analyse ergänzende Fallorientierung, die charakteristisch für qualitative Forschung ist, aber bisher in der qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse kaum eine Rolle spielt; drittens eine stärkere Bezugnahme auf die internationale Methodendiskussion, in der die qualitative Inhaltsanalyse noch wenig bekannt ist. Ferner reflektiere ich methodologische Aspekte, fokussiere in einem abschließenden Ausblick das Thema Standards und Gütekriterien und plädiere für die Entwicklung methodischer Strenge

Responsibility: A Key Category for Understanding the Discourse on the Financial Crisis—Analyzing the KWALON Data Set with MAXQDA 10

Este artículo explica el proceso y hallazgos del análisis cualitativo asistido por computadora (MAXQDA 10) de la crisis financiera con base en los archivos de texto, audio y video proporcionados por el comité del programa KWALON. Los resultados iniciales muestran aquellos escritos sobre la crisis que nombran personas y factores considerados responsables por los problemas financieros, aunque no hubo consenso sobre quién o qué fue más culpado. URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1101222Der Artikel beschreibt den Prozess der computergestützen Aufbereitung und -auswertung eines umfangreichen qualitativen Datensets mithilfe der Software MAXQDA. Grundlage ist ein vom Programmkomitee der KWALON Konferenz zusammengestellter Datenkorpus (Texte, Audio- und Videodateien) zum Thema "Finanzkrise". Erste Ergebnisse zeigen, dass in den unterschiedlichen Diskursen zum Thema der Frage nach den verantwortlichen Personen Faktoren und eine große Bedeutung zugewiesen wird. URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1101222This article explains the process and findings of a computer-supported (MAXQDA 10) qualitative analysis of the financial crisis based on text, audio and video files provided by the KWALON program committee. Initial findings show that those writing about the crisis found it important to name those persons and factors they considered responsible for the financial problems, although there was no consensus on who or what was most to blame. URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs110122

ÖKOLOGISIERUNG DER HOCHSCHULE

Zamisao održivoga razvitka — što je u Agendi 21 proglašena modelom svjetske ekološke politike — zahtijeva od svih područja društva odgovarajuću preorijentaciju. U ovome radu razmatra se pitanje koji se zadaci postavljaju pred sveučilišta. Polazeći od uloge namijenjene sveučilištima u Agendi 21, prikazuje se stanje ekologiziranosti njemačkih sveučilišta s obzirom na aspekte kao što su integracija ekološke problematike u nastavu i znanost te razvijanje ekoloških kolegija. Drugi dio ovoga rada bavi se poveljom Copernicus, što ju je donijela Europska rektorska konferencija. Tom poveljom želi se razviti program visokoga škostva za održiv razvitak. Razmatra se djelatni program koji se sastoji od 10 točaka. Glede svake točke programa promatra se trenutačno stanje, razvijaju mjere primjene i analiziraju potencijalni troškovi. U njemačkim visokoškolskim ustanovama djeluje više od dva milijuna nastavnika i studenata, koji raspolažu ključnim kvalifikacijama za održiv razvitak. Iznosi se prijedlog da bi ekologizaciju visokoga školstva trebalo povezati s trenutačnom raspravom o reformi visokoga školstva.The idea of a sustainable development — which was declared the model of the international environmental policy in the Agenda 21 — faces all areas of society with the task of a new orientation. In this paper, the tasks of the university concerning this issue are investigated. Starting from the role ascribed to universities in the Agenda 21, represented is the status of ecologizing of German universities, such as the integration of environmental issues into research and teaching as well as the development of environmentally based university courses. The second part of this paper deals with the Copernicus–Charta, which has been passed by the European Rectors\u27 Conference. The aim of this Charta is to develop university education for a sustainable development. Discussed is the 10–point–program. For each of the points the topical situation is observed, measures of application are developed and potential costs are analyzed. At German universities there are over two million students and teachers, who are in possession of key qualification for a sustainable development. A proposal has been made to relate the ecologizing of universities with the present discussions on reforming higher education.Die Idee eines Sustainable Developement, welches in der Agenda 21 zum Leitbild internacionaler Umweltpolitik erklärt wurde, stellt alle gesellschaftlichen Bereiche vor die Aufgabe einer entsprechenden Umorientierung. Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Frage, welche Aufgaben sich in diesem Kontext für die Universitäten stellen. Ausgehend von der Rolle, die den Universitäten in der Agenda 21 zugewiesen ist, wird zunächst der Stand der Ökologisierung der deutschen Hochschulen dargestellt, u.a. die Integration von Umweltfragen in Lehre und Forschung und die Entwicklung der umweltbezogenen Studiengänge. Der zweite Teil des Beitrages beßast sich mit der Copernicus–Charta, die von der europäischen Hochschulrektorenkonferenz verabschidet worden ist. Diese Charta will ein Programm der Hochschulbildung für Sustainaible Development entwickeln. Das 10–Punkte Aktionsprogramm wird diskutiert. Zu jedem Punkt des Programms wird der gegenwärtige Ist–Stand betrachtet, Maßnahmen der Umsetzung werden entwickelt und potentielle Kosten analysiert. In den deutschen Hochschulen arbeiten und studieren mehr als zwei Millionen Menschen, die über Schlüsselqualifikationen für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung verfügen. Es wird vorgeschlagen, die Ökologisierung der Hochschulen mit der gegenwärtig diskutierten Hochschulreform zu verknüpfen

Argumentationen und Leitbilder computergestützt analysieren

In der computergestützten Textanalyse lassen sich drei Haupttendenzen unterscheiden: Sie ist entweder linguistisch oder sozialwissenschaftlich orientiert, oder an Hypertext-Modellen ausgerichtet. Das hier vorgestellte Programm WINMAXpro folgt der sozialwissenschaftlichen Orientierung. Als eine spezielle Form der Textanalyse wird sodann die Leitbildanalyse vorgestellt. Dieses eignet sich zur Analyse verschiedener Datenarten (offene Interviews, Interaktions-, Organisations- und Gruppenprozesse). Nach einer Klärung des Leitbildbegriffs werden die einzelnen Schritte des computergestützten Auswertungsprozesses am Beispiel des Ökologie Diskurses näher vorgestellt (Grobcodierung, Dimensionalisierung, Feincodierung, Klassifikation und Leitbildidentifikation). Die Leitbildanalyse, so der Autor zusammenfassend, hat im Vergleich zur Grounded Theory den Vorteil, daß bereits zu Beginn mit einem Systematisierungsgerüst gearbeitet wird. (ICD)'This article will present the working of computerbased qualitative content analysis and the corresponding functions of the software program WINMAXpro. WINMAXpro is a program that has been developed within the context of qualitative social research which, however, is well applicable for the analysis of different text data, e.g. data of historical research. WINMAXpro supports the interpretative analysis of even large quantities of text. Different to programs of quantitative content analysis categorization based on manifest text features is of no interest here, but researchers demands are interpretation, analysis and classification of texts or segments of texts. In this article the use of the program is demonstrated, basing on the example of a relatively new method of content analysis: the idol analysis, which has been texted in various projects of social science environmental studies.' (author's abstract

Zwischen Singularität und Allgemeingültigkeit: Typenbildung als qualitative Strategie der Verallgemeinerung

"Fragen der Geltungsbegründung und der Verallgemeinerung stellen eine Herausforderung für die qualitative Forschung dar. Anders als die quantitative Forschung, die mit dem Kunstgriff der Zufallsstichprobe eine Verallgemeinerungsstrategie besitzt, die Legitimität durch Verfahren zu schaffen beabsichtigt, verfügt die qualitative Forschung nicht über eine solche Generalformel. Verallgemeinerung über eine repräsentative Fallauswahl zu erzielen ist der qualitativen Forschung weitgehend verwehrt, denn erstens sind Stichproben dieser Art wegen der großen Fallzahl schwerlich zu realisieren, zum anderen widerspricht eine solche Samplingstrategie auch einer theoretisch ausgerichteten Fallauswahl, die vielen qualitativen Ansätze wie etwa der Grounded Theory zueigen ist. Trotz der meist aufwändigen Analyse qualitativer Forschung und gerade wegen des holistischen Ansatzes steht der Vorwurf der Singularität im Raum. Wie lässt sich nun Verallgemeinerbarkeit erreichen? Typenbildung kann eine Strategie sein, um die zunächst plausible sinnvolle Fallorientierung der Analyse zu überwinden. Fälle werden zu Typen aggregiert, wobei ein Typ als die Merkmalskonstellation definiert ist, die nach Abzug alles Persönlichem übrig bleibt. In diesem Vortrag werden verschiedene Strategien der Typenbildung dargestellt und miteinander verglichen, u.a. die auf Max Weber zurückgehenden Idealtypen und Realtypen, die Typenbildung der Dokumentarischen Methode und eine auf das Lazarsfeldsche Konzept des Merkmalraums rekurrierende Konstruktion von Typik." (Autorenreferat

Alarm of monitoring invasive of blood pressure: are we giving the attention required?

Objective: To identify the cause of the invasive blood pressure alarms (PAI) have sounded and the staff response time; to describe the conduct set out to address them. Method: Descriptive study of quantitative/qualitative approach. The observation occurred in an adult ICU of a military hospital in Rio de Janeiro. The Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (CAAE 03284612.4.3001.5250) approved it. We considered as fatigued the alarms that had not been attended in 10 minutes or stop pedringing before they are attended. Results: Were corded 76-PAI alarms; 21 (28%) were seen on average at 2.45 min. 55 (72%) were considered alarms fatigued. Conclusion: The high number of outworn alarms that represent risk. It is a challenge to respond to all alarms considering the relation between the nurse/patient imposed by ANVISA

Sequenciamento em multi-estágios para deposição de estéril em operações de mineração à céu aberto

As políticas ambientais e conceito de sustentabilidade vêm ganhando reconhecimento em âmbito global nos últimos anos. O legado deixado pelas atividades de mineração no último século reforça a visão de degradação que a sociedade possui sobre a mineração e, portanto, pressiona a indústria a buscar se desenvolver e a encontrar soluções que acompanhem as necessidades mundiais tanto na questão da produção mineral quanto no cuidado com o meio ambiente. O manejo de estéril tem impacto direto tanto na questão operacional (custo pode representar mais de 50% de toda a operação), quanto na questão ambiental pela necessidade de reservar uma área inteira apenas para deposição de material fora da cava. Estudos recentes buscam o melhor sequenciamento dos blocos de estéril e rotas para deposição final, no entanto são muito menos expressivos, em quantidade, do que os relacionados ao sequenciamento de minério. O objetivo desta tese é de propor um novo método de manejo de estéril, que faz uso de pilhas temporárias e remanejo planejado para reduzir investimentos e custos operacionais nos primeiros anos de operação, além de reduzir o CPL (custo presente líquido) total do projeto e riscos ambientais. Essa abordagem difere de outros trabalhos na área por fazer uso de remanejo, considerada historicamente como uma operação a ser evitada a todo custo. Os resultados encontrados, e publicados nos artigos que compõem essa tese, apontam benefícios tanto econômicos e operacionais quanto ambientais no uso planejado desse método. Uma série de variáveis foram avaliadas em três estudos de casos diferentes, o que permitiu a construção de um guia geral da viabilidade de utilização e aplicação do método. Dependendo das condições de tais variáveis (como distância de transporte entre a cava e pilha de estéril final, áreas de avanço, taxas de produção entre outras) o método promoveu a redução do CPL final do projeto em até 11% em comparação com método convencional de deposição. Além disso, o método proposto permite a redução de investimentos em períodos iniciais de operação na aquisição de equipamentos além de custos operacionais, o que reduz o risco econômico e inclusive abre possibilidades de alterar o manejo estratégico de estéril como a retro deposição em cava, reduzindo também o risco ambiental.Environmental policies and the sustainability concept have been recognized globally in recent years. The mining legacy in the past century reinforces the degradation view society has on mining and, therefore, putting pressure on the industry to pursue development and finding solutions that meet global demands for both mineral production and environmental care. Waste management has a direct impact both on the operational issue (cost can represent more than 50% of the entire operation) and on the environmental issue due to the need to reserve an entire area just for the waste deposition outside the pit. Recent studies investigate waste blocks sequencing and routes for final dumping, however, they are less expressive, regarding quantity, then those related to ore sequencing. The objective of this thesis is to propose a new method of waste management, which makes use of temporary waste dumps and planned rehandling to reduce investments and operational costs in the first years of operation, besides reducing the total project’s NPC and environmental risks. This approach differs from other studies by using rehandling, historically considered as an operation that must be avoided at all cost. The findings, published in the papers that compose this thesis, show as much economical and operational as environmental benefits when using this method. Many variables were evaluated throughout three different case studies, allowing the construction of feasibility and utilization guide for this method. Depending on such variables (such as haulage distance from the pit to final waste dump, mining advance areas, production rate among others) the methos promoted a final project’s NPC reduction up to 11% compared to conventional dumping methods. Moreover, the proposed method allows investment reduction early operational years on equipment acquisition and operational costs, which reduces economical risks and also opens the possibility to change strategic waste management method, like in pit deposition, to reduce environmental risk

Psychometric evaluation of the German version of a social support scale of FAFHES (family functioning, family health and social support)

This is the peer reviewed version which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/scs.12700. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions.BACKGROUND: Family members often need to be supported in informal care of the elderly and desire to be involved into care planning and decision-making. Valid and reliable instruments are needed to measure how family members perceive the care and support they receive from nurses for older family members living at home. AIM: The purpose of this study was to translate the 20-item social support scale of the Family Functioning, Family Health and Social Support (FAFHES) questionnaire from English to German and test the validity and reliability of the scale among Swiss-German-speaking family caregivers of home-dwelling elderly people who receive home healthcare services. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted to test the empirical and psychometric properties of the translated and culturally adapted version of the social support questionnaire. A factor analysis with the principal component analysis PCA was used to test construct validity. The internal consistency of items was measured with the Cronbach`s alpha coefficient. RESULTS: After a rigorous translation process the original 20-item questionnaire was adapted into a 19-item version and tested with family caregivers (n = 207) of home-dwelling elderly. Psychometric testing of the German version of the social support questionnaire revealed that the three factors - affirmation, affect and concrete aid - were congruent with the original questionnaire. The accounted variance was 79.5% and the internal consistency determined by the Cronbach's alpha was 0.973. CONCLUSION: The German version of the social support scale of the FAFHES questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument to assess family perceived support on three dimensions - affirmation, affect and concrete aid - received from nursing professionals. The questionnaire should be tested further in other German-speaking population

Multi-stage dumping sequence : a feasible waste management alternative for open pit mining

Waste management and environmental aspects are progressively gathering attention in the mining industry. Mine planners must deal with increasingly complex tasks to balance between ore block schedules, waste disposal, operational cost and environmental reclamation. The mine incomes are generally related to mining and processing of the ore, thus most optimization researches regarding strategic mining usually focus mainly on ore extraction. Nevertheless, waste sequencing and disposal play an important role given that, in several situations in open pit mining, waste volumes are generally larger than ore volumes and must be moved to reach the buried and deeper ore bodies. In some cases, a significant percentage of operational costs is represented by waste haulage and disposal. Thus a careful planning strategy must be considered to minimize unnecessary expenses. Selecting locations for waste dumps is also a challenge. Many operational and technical aspects must be considered, not to mention the increasingly limiting environmental constraints. This definition can be very time consuming, and if it is not properly studied, may negatively impact the mine operation during its lifetime. This article investigates a new approach for mine waste management called the multi-stage dumping sequence (MSDS), suggesting the use of temporary waste dumps along the way to the final dump destination. Although this method requires material re-handling, which is considered a paradigm in mine industry, it certainly provides additional time to design and permit the final waste dump site and, if well planned, might even result in profit increases by reducing haulage distances in the first years of operation

Validação do mapeamento de cuidados prescritos para pacientes ortopédicos à classificação das intervenções de enfermagem

This study mapped the 52 nursing care actions prescribed for orthopedic patients onto Self-care Deficit: bathing and/or hygiene, Impaired Physical Mobility and Risk for Infection, according to the Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC). The study was developed at a University Hospital in Porto Alegre, Brazil, using the Delphi Technique as the content validation method, considering a level of 70% of agreement among experts. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics. Twenty-two experts validated the mapping of 51 nursing care actions onto 56 NIC interventions in two rounds. The objective was achieved because only one mapped care action did not reach the established level of agreement. None of the mapped care actions reached 100% consensus, which evidences the various possibilities of comparison and the importance of validation studies.Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo validar el mapeo de los 52 cuidados de enfermería prescritos para pacientes ortopédicos con la Clasificación de las Intervenciones de Enfermería (NIC), referente a tres diagnósticos: déficit en el autocuidado (baño y/o higiene), movilidad física perjudicada y riesgo de infección. El estudio fue desarrollado en el Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, utilizándose el método de validación de contenido por medio de la aplicación de la Técnica Delphi, considerándose 70% de acuerdo entre jueces. Los datos fueron analizados por medio de estadística descriptiva. Participaron del estudio 22 jueces que, en dos rodadas, validaron el mapeo de 51 cuidados de enfermería con 56 intervenciones de la NIC. Es posible afirmar que el objetivo fue alcanzado, ya que apenas un cuidado no alcanzó la relación establecida. Ninguno de los cuidados alcanzó un consenso de 100%, colocando en evidencia las varias posibilidades de comparación y la importancia de los estudios de validación.Este trabalho teve como objetivo validar o mapeamento dos 52 cuidados de enfermagem, prescritos para pacientes ortopédicos com a Classificação das Intervenções de Enfermagem (NIC), referente aos diagnósticos déficit no autocuidado: banho e/ou higiene, mobilidade física prejudicada e risco de infecção. O estudo foi desenvolvido no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, utilizando-se o método de validação de conteúdo por meio da aplicação da Técnica Delphi, considerando-se 70% de concordância entre juízes. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva. Participaram do estudo 22 juízes que, em duas rodadas, validaram o mapeamento de 51 cuidados de enfermagem com 56 intervenções da NIC. É possível afirmar que o objetivo foi alcançado, visto que apenas um cuidado mapeado não atingiu a concordância estabelecida. Nenhum dos cuidados mapeados atingiu consenso de 100%, evidenciando as várias possibilidades de comparação e a importância dos estudos de validação