The Airlines’ Recent Experience Under the Railway Labor Act

Silky-feather has been selected and fixed in some breeds due to its unique appearance. This phenotype is caused by a single recessive gene (hookless, h). Here we map the silky-feather locus to chromosome 3 by linkage analysis and subsequently fine-map it to an 18.9 kb interval using the identical by descent (IBD) method. Further analysis reveals that a C to G transversion located upstream of the prenyl (decaprenyl) diphosphate synthase, subunit 2 (PDSS2) gene is causing silky-feather. All silky-feather birds are homozygous for the G allele. The silky-feather mutation significantly decreases the expression of PDSS2 during feather development in vivo. Consistent with the regulatory effect, the C to G transversion is shown to remarkably reduce PDSS2 promoter activity in vitro. We report a new example of feather structure variation associated with a spontaneous mutation and provide new insight into the PDSS2 function

The Crest Phenotype in Chicken Is Associated with Ectopic Expression of HOXC8 in Cranial Skin

The Crest phenotype is characterised by a tuft of elongated feathers atop the head. A similar phenotype is also seen in several wild bird species. Crest shows an autosomal incompletely dominant mode of inheritance and is associated with cerebral hernia. Here we show, using linkage analysis and genome-wide association, that Crest is located on the E22C19W28 linkage group and that it shows complete association to the HOXC-cluster on this chromosome. Expression analysis of tissues from Crested and non-crested chickens, representing 26 different breeds, revealed that HOXC8, but not HOXC12 or HOXC13, showed ectopic expression in cranial skin during embryonic development. We propose that Crest is caused by a cis-acting regulatory mutation underlying the ectopic expression of HOXC8. However, the identification of the causative mutation(s) has to await until a method becomes available for assembling this chromosomal region. Crest is unfortunately located in a genomic region that has so far defied all attempts to establish a contiguous sequence

The sources of international space law : revisited

In order to have a comprehensive understanding of international space law, which is embedded in general international law, it is indispensable to have a clear view of the sources of this legal system. It is a well-established fact that the sources of general international law are articulated under Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. These are generally relevant for the regulation of outer space, but other 'non-traditional' modes of guidance and/or regulation have also been developed in this area. This article examines the provisions of Article 38 in order to discern those traditional and other sources of international law that are applicable to outer space and outer space activities. For the determination of rules of international space law, particular attention is given to the development of customary international space law, State practice, the role of judicial decisions, the teachings of the "most highly qualified publicists" and, more broadly, to "soft law"

The subjects of international space law

Entities enjoying international legal personality are generally regarded as the “subjects” of general international law and international space law, and are considered to possess rights and obligations under international law. While States have historically been recognised as the principal subjects of international law, non-State actors, such as international organisations, non-governmental entities, multinationals corporations, and (arguably) individuals, are increasingly empowered with rights and burdened with obligations on the international plane. International space law, although embedded in general international law, contains unique principles and rules that are in some cases different from those of general international law. With the changing nature of activities due to technological developments, and the proliferation of actors in the space domain, it is necessary to critically visit the matter of what are considered the subjects of international space law. This question is important both from the doctrinal perspective, and as a matter of practical relevance, as space activities are increasingly being undertaken by non-State actors under the jurisdiction and control of, or having a nexus with, several States

Effect of manganese ions addition orders on the flotation behavior of scheelite

In this study, the effect of MnCl2 on scheelite flotation with sodium oleate (NaOL) as a collector and sodium silicate as a depressant was assessed by a combination of flotation experiments, Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and solution chemistry. The flotation experiments confirmed that the addition of MnCl2 before sodium silicate showed an adverse effect on flotation and the recovery of scheelite gradually decreased as the amount of MnCl2 was increased. When MnCl2 was added afte r sodium silicate, the recovery of scheelite gradually increased with an increase in the amount of MnCl2. The results of FTIR, XPS, and solution chemistry indicated that MnCl2 acted on the surface of scheelite in the form of manganese ions. When MnCl2 was added before sodium silicate, manganese ions adsorbed on the surface of scheelite reacted with sodium silicate to form a hydrophilic silicate, which covers the surface of scheelite and blocks the adsorption of NaOL. However, when MnCl2 was added after sodium silicate, manganese ions are continued to be adsorbed on the surface of scheelite, which increases the cations on the surface of scheelite, and hence the condition becomes conducive for the interaction between scheelite and NaOL

Selectivity in Olefin-Intervened Macrocyclic Ring-Closing Metathesis

The ring-closing metathesis (RCM) of α,<i>m</i>,ω-triene was employed for the syntheses of four slightly different <i>EE</i>, <i>EZ</i>, <i>ZE</i>, and <i>ZZ</i> isomers of macrocycles with two greatly separated type I olefins. Kinetic control of the RCM reaction using <b>G1</b> was achieved, in which secondary metathesis of the initially formed RCM product that usually afforded the thermodynamically favored product was inhibited, and a reliable model was built to differentiate the kinetic or thermodynamic control in the RCM reaction. Kinetic studies of olefin metathesis using the kinetically controlled <i>Z</i>-selective catalyst <b>Cat-Z</b> were conducted to determine its thermodynamic capability to convert (<i>Z</i>)-olefin to (<i>E</i>)-olefin. Finally, the ring size selectivity of α,ω- vs α,<i>m</i>-/<i>m</i>,ω-products in the RCM reaction of α,<i>m</i>,ω-triene revealed that all types of isomeric α,ω-products are favored for the 18-membered ring and above, and α,<i>m</i>-/<i>m</i>,ω-products are predominant for the rings with 14-members and less. For the 15-, 16-, and 17-membered rings, each of the <i>E</i>/<i>Z</i>-selective RCM reactions of starting (<i>mE</i>)- and (<i>mZ</i>)-trienes has a different performance under the optimized conditions. These studies provide insights into the applications of RCM on the synthesis of macrocycles with two separate type I olefins

Chinese_indigenous_chickens

Genotype data for chinese indigenous chicken