Research of Sandy Hook Elementary, the New and Improved

School safety has been a part of the political discussion all over the world about both large scale (a country) and small (a city). According to US News, for the school year 2020-2021 alone, there were a total of 93 schools that had an active shooter that resulted with casualties (not including threats), and according to EdWeek, there have been 30 school shootings where there were injuries, including 28 people killed, just in the year 2022 so far. The fact that these numbers keep increasing from previous decades, and that the school year is just starting after having to combat a pandemic, people and families fear sending their kids to schools for more reasons than one. That is why I am studying possible floor plans and materials that ideally prevent the event from happening, or if the tragic event occurs, then the possibility for reinforcements to arrive before there are injuries is greater. I plan on using AnyLogic to study the average foot traffic of secondary age students as well as to see how an emergency plays out. I will stimulate both one and multiple shooters, and the police department on scene right away and later. Once I have a floor plan that can help students stay safe, I will research materials that are thicker and stronger to prevent bullets going through. Safety is always the number one concern to parents and school officials, that is why I believe that the floor plans and materials can be strategically chosen to provide more safety for students and staff

Horace Mann Elementary School Modernized

School safety has been a hot topic for the nation for decades, and it seems to be getting worse every year. This causes parents to feel the need to keep their students at home to keep them safe. However, can a floor plan or certain materials be used in schools to increase safety but not hinder student's education or the efficiency of foot traffic through the halls? Can the building itself work with the local law enforcement to effectively manage an emergency or disarm an active shooter with minimal injuries? With the use of softwares and the help with multiple school districts and local police departments, a school, such as an elementary school, can be designed to help keep students and staff safe during an emergency while still be a productive learning environment. As Fargo grows, schools that may have been built a century ago just cannot hold enough students to accommodate the growth and can?t keep up with the times to create an efficient learning environment. The Fargo Public School District is having the discussion of rebuilding the current Horace Mann Elementary School, built in 1915, and constructing a school that can hold more students, K ? 5th. Doing this would provide not only a higher capacity but also the opportunity to update the classrooms to give the students a productive learning environment, and most importantly, more safety measures can be added. For instance, the new school can have sensors on every door that notifies the office and administration when an exit door is open, and is open for an extended period of time, there can be more efficient cameras throughout the school so if a door is open, they can clearly see why that is at any given time, and there can be a minimal amount of doors that can actually be used to enter the building. By adding these safety measures, and more, the school can take the necessary preventive steps to keep their students safe yet still provide a comfortable and effective environment to give them the best chance of having a bright future

The Local Use of IGAP Science Test Scores in High School Program Evaluation

This study examined the use of various objective test data, including IGAP Science test scores, by school personnel in the process of local science program evaluation. Three hundred and twenty-four public Illinois High Schools, all Illinois high schools with enrollments of 500 or less, were surveyed. Principals were asked to identify objective test score data used in local science program evaluation, to characterize the nature of the local evaluation process, and to identify local personnel involved in the evaluation process. All respondents identified sources of objective test score data used in local science program evaluation. The IGAP Science test score data was reported to be used more often than any other single source of data. Building principals and teachers were most often identified as the personnel involved in the program evaluation process. The nature of the evaluation process varied greatly from school to school, but was most often characterized as an informal process

The Local Use of IGAP Science Test Scores in High School Program Evaluation

This study examined the use of various objective test data, including IGAP Science test scores, by school personnel in the process of local science program evaluation. Three hundred and twenty-four public Illinois High Schools, all Illinois high schools with enrollments of 500 or less, were surveyed. Principals were asked to identify objective test score data used in local science program evaluation, to characterize the nature of the local evaluation process, and to identify local personnel involved in the evaluation process. All respondents identified sources of objective test score data used in local science program evaluation. The IGAP Science test score data was reported to be used more often than any other single source of data. Building principals and teachers were most often identified as the personnel involved in the program evaluation process. The nature of the evaluation process varied greatly from school to school, but was most often characterized as an informal process

An observational study of Donor Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion in UK lung transplantation: DEVELOP-UK

Background: Many patients awaiting lung transplantation die before a donor organ becomes available. Ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) allows initially unusable donor lungs to be assessed and reconditioned for clinical use. Objective: The objective of the Donor Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion in UK lung transplantation study was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of EVLP in increasing UK lung transplant activity. Design: A multicentre, unblinded, non-randomised, non-inferiority observational study to compare transplant outcomes between EVLP-assessed and standard donor lungs. Setting: Multicentre study involving all five UK officially designated NHS adult lung transplant centres. Participants: Patients aged ≥ 18 years with advanced lung disease accepted onto the lung transplant waiting list. Intervention: The study intervention was EVLP assessment of donor lungs before determining suitability for transplantation. Main outcome measures: The primary outcome measure was survival during the first 12 months following lung transplantation. Secondary outcome measures were patient-centred outcomes that are influenced by the effectiveness of lung transplantation and that contribute to the health-care costs. Results: Lungs from 53 donors unsuitable for standard transplant were assessed with EVLP, of which 18 (34%) were subsequently transplanted. A total of 184 participants received standard donor lungs. Owing to the early closure of the study, a non-inferiority analysis was not conducted. The Kaplan–Meier estimate of survival at 12 months was 0.67 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.40 to 0.83] for the EVLP arm and 0.80 (95% CI 0.74 to 0.85) for the standard arm. The hazard ratio for overall 12-month survival in the EVLP arm relative to the standard arm was 1.96 (95% CI 0.83 to 4.67). Patients in the EVLP arm required ventilation for a longer period and stayed longer in an intensive therapy unit (ITU) than patients in the standard arm, but duration of overall hospital stay was similar in both groups. There was a higher rate of very early grade 3 primary graft dysfunction (PGD) in the EVLP arm, but rates of PGD did not differ between groups after 72 hours. The requirement for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support was higher in the EVLP arm (7/18, 38.8%) than in the standard arm (6/184, 3.2%). There were no major differences in rates of chest radiograph abnormalities, infection, lung function or rejection by 12 months. The cost of EVLP transplants is approximately £35,000 higher than the cost of standard transplants, as a result of the cost of the EVLP procedure, and the increased ECMO use and ITU stay. Predictors of cost were quality of life on joining the waiting list, type of transplant and number of lungs transplanted. An exploratory model comparing a NHS lung transplant service that includes EVLP and standard lung transplants with one including only standard lung transplants resulted in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of £73,000. Interviews showed that patients had a good understanding of the need for, and the processes of, EVLP. If EVLP can increase the number of usable donor lungs and reduce waiting, it is likely to be acceptable to those waiting for lung transplantation. Study limitations include small numbers in the EVLP arm, limiting analysis to descriptive statistics and the EVLP protocol change during the study. Conclusions: Overall, one-third of donor lungs subjected to EVLP were deemed suitable for transplant. Estimated survival over 12 months was lower than in the standard group, but the data were also consistent with no difference in survival between groups. Patients receiving these additional transplants experience a higher rate of early graft injury and need for unplanned ECMO support, at increased cost. The small number of participants in the EVLP arm because of early study termination limits the robustness of these conclusions. The reason for the increased PGD rates, high ECMO requirement and possible differences in lung injury between EVLP protocols needs evaluation

Polygonum scandens L.

https://thekeep.eiu.edu/herbarium_specimens_byname/2625/thumbnail.jp

Polygonum scandens L.

https://thekeep.eiu.edu/herbarium_specimens_byname/1671/thumbnail.jp

Polygonum scandens L.

https://thekeep.eiu.edu/herbarium_specimens_byname/2625/thumbnail.jp

The Local Use of IGAP Science Test Scores in High School Program Evaluation

This study examined the use of various objective test data, including IGAP Science test scores, by school personnel in the process of local science program evaluation. Three hundred and twenty-four public Illinois High Schools, all Illinois high schools with enrollments of 500 or less, were surveyed. Principals were asked to identify objective test score data used in local science program evaluation, to characterize the nature of the local evaluation process, and to identify local personnel involved in the evaluation process. All respondents identified sources of objective test score data used in local science program evaluation. The IGAP Science test score data was reported to be used more often than any other single source of data. Building principals and teachers were most often identified as the personnel involved in the program evaluation process. The nature of the evaluation process varied greatly from school to school, but was most often characterized as an informal process