Metod för att samla in information om svinhälsa och produktion i Laos

Improved animal health and alleviation of livestock diseases with high impact in developing countries have direct effects on poverty reduction as livestock has been estimated to account for 70% of the livelihoods of the world's poor. In Lao PDR 85% of the population lives in areas dependent on agriculture, and sale of livestock is estimated to account for their largest cash income. Smallholder farmers produce almost all of the livestock, and pigs are raised by 64% of the Lao households. In the low input-low output system used in Lao PDR losses due to disease are seen in pigs and Classical Swine Fever has in a recent study been pointed out as the most important disease. During this study, four villages in the Bolikhamxay province in the central of Lao PDR were included into a surveillance programme on Classical Swine Fever set up by Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR). In the first part of the study, information on Lao farming systems was collected from literature and field visits. Thereafter the four villages to be included were visited with the aim to undertake a robust descriptive analysis of pig health and production and to make recommendations for future surveillance and data collection in the project. All fieldwork was done in cooperation with staff linked to the ACIAR project ASI/2003/001. Information on pig management was collected with the help of a Baseline Questionnaire Form previously used in the ASI/2003/001 project and by village walks. The information was analysed together with data from six villages already included in the project. A qualitative analysis was conducted from the information and a quantitative analysis started using Epi Info version 2002. The study showed major problems in pig management. A need for increased knowledge in disease prevention and action during disease outbreak was observed amongst the farmers and the animal health workers. Insufficient communication between farmers and the extension workers and difficult accessibility to the villages also showed great impact. Introduction of participatory research and extension approaches could contribute to the project and the study showed a demand for a more gender sensitive approach as pig husbandry is almost exclusively carried out by women.Förbättrad hälsa hos husdjur i utvecklingsländer har stor betydelse för att minska fattigdomen eftersom husdjur beräknas stå för 70% av fattiga människors leverbröd. I Laos bor ca 85% av befolkning i rena jordbrukssamhällen och handel med husdjur och produkter från dessa står för deras största inkomst. Nästan all boskap hålls av småbönder och 64% av hushållen i Laos föder upp grisar. Stora förluster i grisproduktionen orsakas av ohälsa och Klassisk svinpest blev i en nyligen publicerad studie utsedd till den viktigaste sjukdomen bland grisar i Laos. Syftet med denna studie var att i några byar analysera hälsa och produktion i grishållningen samt att utarbeta rekommendationer för framtida övervakningsprogram och datainsamling i byar med låglandsjordbruk. Fyra byar kom att inkluderas i ett program för Klassisk svinpest startat av Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) i Bolikhamxay-provinsen i centrala Laos. Första delen av studien utgjordes av insamling av information om djurhållning i låglandsjordbruk med hjälp av litteraturstudier och fältbesök. Därefter besöktes de fyra byarna och fakta om grisskötseln sammanställdes genom en rundvandring till de flesta av byns grisbönder och med hjälp av ett svarsformulär som tidigare använts i ACIAR programmet ASI/2003/001. Informationen analyserades sedan kvalitativt tillsammans med data från sex byar som sedan tidigare var inkluderade i programmet. En kvantitativ analys av informationen från de fyra nya byarna påbörjades också med hjälp av ett epidemiologiskt dataprogram. Resultat från studien visade stora problem i grishållningen avseende inhysning, nutrition, avel och sjukdomar. Ett stort behov av ökade kunskaper vid sjukdomsutbrott men också för att förebygga sjukdomar observerades. Även kommunikationen till byarna och samarbetet mellan djurhälsoarbetarna och bönderna visade möjlighet till förbättring. Ett utvecklat samarbete med bönderna vid utformning av programmet skulle kunna tillföra mycket. Studien visade också ett behov av ökad genusmedvetenhet i programmet då grisskötseln framförallt bedrevs av kvinnor, men merparten av kommunikationen skedde utan deras medverkan

Zoonoses in rural Cambodia

Zoonotic diseases, transmissible between animals and humans, make up the majority of emerging infectious diseases, posing a threat to public health and global food security. The emergence of infections is partly driven by close contact between humans and livestock, which is common in smallholder livestock farming in rural tropical areas. The aim of this thesis was to provide information on the animal-human interplay in rural tropical areas in general and in Cambodia in particular, focusing on influenza A virus and Campylobacter as examples of zoonotic pathogens. Interviews were carried out in 300 rural households and samples were collected in the same households from humans and livestock, primarily chickens, ducks, pigs and cattle. In the households studied, a clear gender division in livestock responsibility was observed. Practices associated with zoonosis exposure were common, but the threat of zoonoses was not reported to be a concern. Furthermore, knowledge and awareness of zoonoses did not markedly reduce practices associated with increased zoonosis exposure, thereby revealing a knowledge-to-behaviour gap. Sampled pigs and poultry had 1.3% overall prevalence of influenza A virus. Highly pathogenic subtypes were not found, but virus reassortment, involving potentially zoonotic and pandemic subtypes, seemed to occur frequently. Routine culture was insufficiently sensitive in detecting Campylobacter in field samples frozen before analysis. In contrast, PCR proved more sensitive and C. jejuni, C. coli or both were detected in 8% of adults, 19% of children, 56% of chickens, 24% of ducks, 72% of pigs and 5% of cattle. Moreover, a number of household practices along the meat production chain, from livestock rearing and slaughter to meat consumption, were associated with human C. jejuni and C. coli positivity. In conclusion, presence of pathogens with zoonotic potential and insufficient zoonosis management was shown on Cambodian smallholdings. The novel data presented on zoonosis epidemiology and household risk factors can help guide future interventions in zoonosis prevention, detection and control for improved health and livelihoods in rural tropical areas

Quantitative risk assessment of salmonellosis in Cambodian consumers through chicken and pork salad consumption

Salmonella is a globally important foodborne bacterial pathogen that poses a high risk to human health. This study aimed to estimate the risk to Cambodian consumers from acquiring salmonellosis after consuming chicken and pork salad, using a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). Chicken and pork salads are typical Cambodian dishes containing raw vegetables and boiled chicken meat or pork. As previously described, chicken meat and pork samples (n = 204 of each) were collected from traditional markets in 25 Cambodian provinces to generate data on Salmonella contamination. Salad preparation and consumption practices were surveyed in 93 Cambodian households and this information was used to design an experiment to assess Salmonella cross-contamination from raw meat to ready-to-eat salad. In the part of the study reported here, data on consumption, Salmonella in salad, dose-response, and predicted salmonellosis were modeled using Monte Carlo simulations at 10,000 iterations. The prevalence of Salmonella in chicken meat and pork were set to 42.6 and 45.1%, respectively, with average most probable number (MPN) per gram of Salmonella in chicken meat was 10.6 and in pork 11.1 MPN/g, based on an earlier study. Half of the interviewed households cooked meat for the salad directly after purchase. The QMRA model showed that the modeled annual risk of salmonellosis from consuming chicken salad, pork salad and both chicken and pork salad were 11.1% probability of illness per person per year (90% CI 0.0–35.1), 4.0% (90% CI 0.0–21.3), and 14.5% (90% CI 0.0–33.5), respectively. The factors most influencing the estimate were cross-contamination while preparing the salad, followed by the prevalence of Salmonella in chicken meat and pork at the market. The wide confidence interval for the incidence was mainly due to the variability in reducing bacteria concentration by cooking and salad consumption. The predicted risk of salmonellosis due to chicken and pork salad consumption is high, and the study provides evidence supporting control measures of improving the safety of retailed chicken and pork obtained from markets to households and improving food preparation methods in the household

Manure management and public health : Sanitary and socio-economic aspects among urban livestock-keepers in Cambodia

Livestock manure is a valuable source of nutrients for crop production, but can also pose a public health hazard and have negative environmental impacts. This study investigated manure management practices among urban and peri-urban livestock keepers in Cambodia, to identify risk behaviours and socio-economic aspects associated with the handling of manure. A survey including 204 households was conducted, using a structured questionnaire with questions on demographics, socio-economic characteristics and household practices related to manure management. Faecal samples were obtained from pig pens and pig manure storage units for analysis of the potential zoonotic pathogens Salmonella enterica (Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)), Ascaris suum and Trichuris suis (McMaster flotation technique). The survey revealed a difference in management between cattle and pig manure. Cattle manure was most commonly used as fertiliser for crop production (66%) (p < 0.001), whereas pig manure was most commonly dumped in the environment (46%) (p < 0.001). Logistic regression models showed that households with a lower socio-economic position were more likely to dump pig manure (p < 0.001), with scarcity of agricultural land (p < 0.001) and lack of carts for transportation of manure (p < 0.01) being identified as contributing factors. Salmonella enterica was detected in 9.7% of manure samples, while Ascaris suum and Trichuris suis were detected in 1.6% and 2.4% of the samples, respectively. The results presented in this study indicate that manure management by urban and peri-urban households may pose a public health threat and an environmental hazard. There is evidently a need for further knowledge support to the livestock keepers to promote good management practices

Quantitative risk assessment of salmonellosis in Cambodian consumers through chicken and pork salad consumption

Salmonella is a globally important foodborne bacterial pathogen that poses a high risk to human health. This study aimed to estimate the risk to Cambodian consumers from acquiring salmonellosis after consuming chicken and pork salad, using a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). Chicken and pork salads are typical Cambodian dishes containing raw vegetables and boiled chicken meat or pork. As previously described, chicken meat and pork samples (n = 204 of each) were collected from traditional markets in 25 Cambodian provinces to generate data on Salmonella contamination. Salad preparation and consumption practices were surveyed in 93 Cambodian households and this information was used to design an experiment to assess Salmonella cross-contamination from raw meat to ready-to-eat salad. In the part of the study reported here, data on consumption, Salmonella in salad, dose-response, and predicted salmonellosis were modeled using Monte Carlo simulations at 10,000 iterations. The prevalence of Salmonella in chicken meat and pork were set to 42.6 and 45.1%, respectively, with average most probable number (MPN) per gram of Salmonella in chicken meat was 10.6 and in pork 11.1 MPN/g, based on an earlier study. Half of the interviewed households cooked meat for the salad directly after purchase. The QMRA model showed that the modeled annual risk of salmonellosis from consuming chicken salad, pork salad and both chicken and pork salad were 11.1% probability of illness per person per year (90% CI 0.0-35.1), 4.0% (90% CI 0.0-21.3), and 14.5% (90% CI 0.0-33.5), respectively. The factors most influencing the estimate were cross-contamination while preparing the salad, followed by the prevalence of Salmonella in chicken meat and pork at the market. The wide confidence interval for the incidence was mainly due to the variability in reducing bacteria concentration by cooking and salad consumption. The predicted risk of salmonellosis due to chicken and pork salad consumption is high, and the study provides evidence supporting control measures of improving the safety of retailed chicken and pork obtained from markets to households and improving food preparation methods in the household

Avian influenza virus detection, temporality and co-infection in poultry in Cambodian border provinces, 2017–2018

Avian influenza virus detection, temporality and co-infection in poultry in Cambodian border provinces, 2017–201

Antibiotic use in pig farms at different levels of intensification—Farmers’ practices in northeastern Thailand

Understanding the patterns and drivers of antibiotic use in livestock is crucial for tailoring efficient incentives for responsible use of antibiotics. Here we compared routines for antibiotic use between pig farms of two different levels of intensification in Khon Kaen province in Thailand. Among the 113 family-owned small-scale farms (up to 50 sows) interviewed did 76% get advice from the pharmacy about how to use the antibiotics and 84% used it primarily for treating disease. Among the 51 medium-scale-farms (100–500 sows) belonging to two companies did 100% get advice about antibiotic use from the company’s veterinarian (P<0.0001) and 94% used antibiotics mostly as disease preventive measure (P<0.0001). In 2 small scale farms 3rd generation cephalosporins, tylosin or colistin were used; antibiotics belonging to the group of highest priority critically important antimicrobials for human medicine. Enrofloxacin, belonging to the same group of antimicrobials, was used in 33% of the small-scale and 41% of the medium-scale farms. In the latter farms, the companies supplied 3–4 antibiotics belonging to different classes and those were the only antibiotics used in the farms. The median and mean estimated expenditure on antibiotics per sow was 4.8 USD (IQR = 5.8) for small-scale farms and 7 USD and 3.4 USD for the medium-scale farms belonging to the two respective companies. Our observations suggest to target the following areas when pig farming transitions from small-scale to medium-scale: (i) strengthening access to professional animal health services for all farmers, (ii) review of the competence and role of veterinary pharmacies in selling antibiotics and (iii) adjustment of farming company animal health protocols towards more medically rational use of antibiotics. © 2020 Hallenberg et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ISSN:1932-620