Polizeiforschung

Der Begriff Polizeiforschung ist mehrdeutig. Er bezeichnet zum einen sozialwissenschaftliche Forschungen, die die verschiedenen Aspekte polizeilichen Handelns zum Gegenstand haben, zum anderen Untersuchungen, die von Seiten der Polizeibehörden angeregt, finanziert oder durchgeführt werden. Zwischen beiden Forschungsansätzen besteht eine Spannung, die durch unter schiedliche Schneidung von Themen, Fragestellungen und Problemen entsteht. Die Theorie geleitete Herangehensweise universitärer Forschung führt oft zu anderen Forschungsprojekten als die aus der Innenperspektive der Instanzen angeregten Untersuchungen. Der vorliegende Beitrag geht zunächst auf die Geschichte der Polizeiforschung ein. Im Anschluss daran werden aktuelle Forschungsprobleme dargestellt. Abschließend werden theoretische Konzepte sowie Strategie und Probleme des empirischen Vorgehens beleuchtet. (ICD2

Devianz, Diskurs und Differenz

"Formelle soziale Kontrolle basiert auf Rechtsprogrammen. Recht läßt sich als Medium oder Institution analysieren. Es basiert auf der binären Differenz von legalen und illegalen Handlungen. Als Medium steuert es staatliches Handeln. Es ist erstens eine letztlich rechtlich zu entscheidende Frage, ob, wann und wie Polizei, Justiz und Strafvollzug in Aktion treten. Diese Gesetzesbindung der Verwaltung schwindet allmählich. Es ist zweitens rechtlich festgelegt, welche Aufgaben in den Bereich hoheitlicher und welche in den Bereich privater Akteure fallen. Hier läßt sich ein Trend zur Entstaatlichung sozialer Kontrolle beobachten. Beide Entwicklungen gewinnen ihren normativen und kritischen Sinn vor dem Hintergrund eines spezifischen Verständnisses des modernen demokratischen Rechtsstaats. Es zeigen sich hier zwei scheinbar gegenläufige Entwicklungen: einerseits die Ausdehnung staatlicher Zugriffsmöglichkeiten, andererseits der partielle Rückzug des Staates aus genuin hoheitlichen Aufgabenbereichen. Beide Entwicklungen werden am Beispiel formeller sozialer Kontrolle, d.h. der Reaktion auf abweichendes Verhalten analysiert. Die Differenz von Staat und Gesellschaft verliert hier an Bedeutung. Daran gekoppelt sind eine Reihe weiterer erodierenden Differenzen: neben der Unterscheidung legal/illegal betrifft es die Differenzen von legitim/illegitim und konform/abweichend. Soziologisch entschlüsseln läßt sich das Problem der sich verändernden Differenzen ausgehend von Bourdieus Arbeiten zum Habitus. Seine Untersuchungen ein Beispiel ästhetischer Kategorien lassen sich auf den Bereich sozialer Kontrolle ebenfalls anwenden. Beispiele liefern die neueren Debatten über die Entwicklung sozialer Kontrolle und den Wandel des Strafrechts, über 'actuarial justice' und Privatisierung sozialer Kontrolle. Hier läßt sich zeigen, wie die zentrale rechtliche Leitdifferenz legal/illegal durch die auf Risikokalkulation basierende semantische Differenz von Sicherheit/Unsicherheit überlagert bzw. abgelöst wird. Bezogen auf eine demokratietheoretische Lesart des modernen Rechtsstaats ergeben sich hier Ansatzpunkte für eine Kritik sozialer Kontrolle." (Autorenreferat

Constitutionalising the Security Union: Effectiveness, Rule of Law and Rights on Countering Terrorism and Crime. CEPS Paperback, 21 November 2017

This collective volume offers a multidisciplinary examination of the critical issues and challenges associated with the EU’s initiative to build a Security Union, particularly in relation to common policies adopted at the member state level aimed at countering terrorism and crime. It delves into the EU’s efforts to support cross-border investigations, the exchange of information and international cooperation, taking stock of the effects on freedom and privacy. The various authors offer key research findings, which contributed to the European Commission’s 2017 Comprehensive Assessment of EU Security Policy. They identify and explore the main constitutional dilemmas facing the Security Union concerning EU standards enshrined in the Lisbon Treaty and the commitments undertaken in the context of the EU Better Regulation agenda. Hence, this timely examination of EU security policies sheds light on their effectiveness, proportionality, fundamental rights and societal implications

IRISS (Increasing Resilience in Surveillance Societies) FP7 European Research Project, Deliverable 4.2: Doing privacy in everyday encounters with surveillance.

The main idea of IRISS WP 4 was to analyse surveillance as an element of everyday life of citizens. The starting point was a broad understanding of surveillance, reaching beyond the narrowly defined and targeted (nonetheless encompassing) surveillance practices of state authorities, justified with the need to combat and prevent crime and terrorism. We were interested in the mundane effects of surveillance practices emerging in the sectors of electronic commerce, telecommunication, social media and other areas. The basic assumption of WP 4 was that being a citizen in modern surveillance societies amounts to being transformed into a techno-social hybrid, i.e. a human being inexorably linked with data producing technologies, becoming a data-leaking container. While this “ontological shift” is not necessarily reflected in citizens’ understanding of who they are, it nonetheless affects their daily lives in many different ways. Citizens may entertain ideas of privacy, autonomy and selfhood rooted in pre-electronic times while at the same time acting under a regime of “mundane governance”. We started to enquire about the use of modern technologies and in the course of the interviews focussed on issues of surveillance in a more explicit manner. Over 200 qualitative interviews were conducted in a way that produced narratives (stories) of individual experiences with different kinds of technologies and/or surveillance practices. These stories then were analysed against the background of theoretical hypotheses of what it means in objective terms to live in a surveillance society. We assume that privacy no longer is the default state of mundane living, but has to be actively created. We captured this with the term privacy labour. Furthermore we construed a number of dilemmas or trade-off situations to guide our analysis. These dilemmas address the issue of privacy as a state or “good” which is traded in for convenience (in electronic commerce), security (in law enforcement surveillance contexts), sociality (when using social media), mutual trust (in social relations at the workplace as well as in the relationship between citizens and the state), and engagement (in horizontal, neighbourhood watch-type surveillance relations). For each of these dilemmas we identified a number of stories demonstrating how our respondents as “heroes” in the narrative solved the problems they encountered, strived for the goals they were pursuing or simply handled a dilemmatic situation. This created a comprehensive and multi-dimensional account of the effects of surveillance in everyday life. Each of the main chapters does focus on one of these different dilemmas

Conduct the observation/interviews – IRISS Deliverable D4.2 (September 2014)

Deliverable No. D4.2 of the (FP7-) Project "IRISS – Increasing Resilience in Surveillance Societies". Objective: To investigate societal effects of different surveillance practices from a multi-disciplinary social science and legal perspective.Deliverable D4.2: Conduct the observation/interviews – Doing privacy in everyday encounters with surveillance. Local reports on the results of the empirical studies conducted in different countries (Austria, Germany, Slovakia, Italy, UK

Clinical Oral Investigations / The anti-inflammatory effect of milk and dairy products on periodontal cells : an in vitro approach

Objective Milk can reduce intestinal tissue damage in colitis models, and protects infants against necrotizing enterocolitis. However, whether milk can decrease inflammation related to peri-implantitis and oral mucosal dehiscence remains unclear. We therefore investigated whether or not milk and fermented by-products have any anti-inflammatory effects on the cells of the oral cavity. Material and methods Human gingival fibroblasts and the human oral epithelial cell line HSC2 were exposed to pasteurized human milk, pasteurized cows milk, dairy products, and powdered milk. An inflammatory response was then provoked with IL1 and TNF. The expression changes of IL1, IL6, and IL8 were detected by reverse transcriptase PCR and immunoassay. Results We can report that pasteurized human milk and pasteurized cows milk as well as yoghurt, buttermilk, sour milk, whey, and powdered milk can lower the expression of inflammatory cytokines in gingival fibroblasts being stimulated by IL1 and TNF. A similar anti-inflammatory response to pasteurized milk and dairy products was observed with the human oral epithelial cell line HSC2. Conclusion These data suggest that pasteurized and powdered milk, as well as fermented dairy products, display an anti-inflammatory effect on oral fibroblasts and oral epithelial cells. Clinical relevance Our in vitro findings provide the scientific basis to extend this research towards testing the anti-inflammatory effects of milk in a pre-clinical periodontitis and peri-implantitis model.(VLID)366404