1,070 research outputs found
A gombatermesztésben súlyos problémaként ismert „zöldpenész” megbetegedést előidéző Trichoderma törzsek taxonómiai, mikopatológiai és epidemiológiai vizsgálata = Taxonomical, mycopathological and epidemiological investigation of Trichoderma strains causing ""green mold"" disease, a serious problem in mushroom cultivation
EredmĂ©nyeink alapján a termesztett csiperke zöldpenĂ©szes fertĹ‘zĂ©sĂ©t Magyarországon a Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum okozza, mĂg a laskagomba zöldpenĂ©szes megbetegedĂ©sĂ©Ă©rt a T. pleurotum Ă©s T. pleuroticola fajok felelĹ‘sek. Környezeti tĂ©nyezĹ‘k micĂ©liumnövekedĂ©sre gyakorolt hatásának vizsgálata alapján a laskagombatermesztĂ©sben az átszövetĂ©si szakasz utáni fázisra 15-18°C közötti hĹ‘mĂ©rsĂ©klet Ă©s 8-9 közötti pH javasolhatĂł, mely lassĂthatja a zöldpenĂ©szt okozĂł Trichoderma törzsek növekedĂ©sĂ©t. Kidolgoztunk egy antagonizmus-tesztek kĂ©panalĂzisĂ©n alapulĂł mĂłdszert a zöldpenĂ©szt okozĂł Trichoderma törzsek agresszivitási fokának számszerűsĂtĂ©sĂ©re. EnzimolĂłgiai vizsgálataink alapján a kĂ©t laskagombapatogĂ©n Trichoderma faj számos ponton eltĂ©rĹ‘ stratĂ©giát alkalmaz a termesztĂ©sben fennállĂł körĂĽlmĂ©nyekhez törtĂ©nĹ‘ alkalmazkodás cĂ©ljára. A laskagombapatogĂ©n Trichoderma fajok epidemiolĂłgiai nyomonkövetĂ©sĂ©re kidolgoztunk egy multiplex PCR-alapĂş technikát, mely lehetĹ‘vĂ© teszi a kĂ©t faj gyors kimutatását Ă©s egymástĂłl törtĂ©nĹ‘ elkĂĽlönĂtĂ©sĂ©t. A mĂłdszer segĂtsĂ©gĂ©vel igazoltuk, hogy a laskagomba zöldpenĂ©szes fertĹ‘zĂ©sĂ©nek terjesztĂ©sĂ©ben szerepet játszhatnak a termesztĹ‘ telepeken jelenlevĹ‘ rovarok, Ă©s azonosĂtottuk a fertĹ‘zĂ©s egy lehetsĂ©ges forrását: a T. pleuroticola faj elĹ‘fordul a vadon termĹ‘ laskagomba termĂ©szetes környezetĂ©ben is. EredmĂ©nyeink alapján bizonyos, gombatermesztĂ©sbĹ‘l izolált baktĂ©riumok (pl. Bacillus törzsek) ĂgĂ©retesek lehetnek a zöldpenĂ©sszel szembeni biolĂłgiai vĂ©dekezĂ©s cĂ©ljára. | Our results revealed that the green mould infection of cultivated champignons in Hungary is caused by Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum, while T. pleurotum and T. pleuroticola are responsible for the green mould disease of oyster mushroom. Based on the effects of environmental factors on mycelial growth, a temperature between 15-18°C and a pH between 8-9 can be suggested for the period of spawn run in order to slow down the growth of Trichoderma strains. We established a method based on the image analysis of antagonism tests for the quantification of the aggressivity level of Trichoderma strains causing green mould disease. Our enzymological studies revealed that the two oyster mushroom pathogenic Trichoderma species apply different strategies for the adaptation to the cultivation environment. A multiplex PCR-based technique has been developed for the epidemiological monitoring of oyster mushroom pathogenic Trichoderma species, which enables the fast detection of the two species and their differentiation from one another. This method was applied to prove that the insects present in mushroom farms can play a role in the dissemination of the disease and to identify a potential source of the infection: T. pleuroticola was found to occur also in the the natural environment of wild-growing oyster mushroom. Based on our results, certain bacteria isolated from mushroom cultivation (e.g. Bacillus strains) are promising candidates for the biological control of green mould disease
Laskagomba fajtaspecifikus termesztéstechnikájának fejlesztése = Development of oyster mushroom variety-specific growing technology
Mára már az Ăşj technolĂłgiai Ă©s gazdasági problĂ©mák hatásakĂ©nt a korábbi szakmai ismeretek modernizálására van szĂĽksĂ©g a laskagomba termesztĂ©sben. Többek között elterjedttĂ© vált a hibridek termesztĂ©se, a megbĂzhatĂł magyar nemesĂtĂ©sű HK35 fajta mellett egyre több Ăşj hibrid jelenik meg. ElkerĂĽlhetetlen a modern, teljesen szabályozott lĂ©gterű termesztĹ‘ berendezĂ©sek használata a stabil, a piac igĂ©nyeit megfelelĹ‘en kiszolgálĂł gombatermesztĂ©s Ă©rdekĂ©ben. Mindezek hatására szĂĽksĂ©gessĂ© vált az eddig fajszinten vizsgált környezeti tĂ©nyezĹ‘k fajtaszintű vizsgálata a fajtaspecifikus termesztĂ©stechnolĂłgia megalapozása Ă©rdekĂ©ben.
A kutatási munkám cĂ©lja Ă©ppen ezĂ©rt a jelenleg az árutermelĹ‘ gombatermesztĂ©sben használt kĂ©sĹ‘i laskagomba (Pleurotus ostreatus) hibridek termesztĂ©stechnolĂłgiáinak vizsgálata, Ă©s a fajtaspecifikus technolĂłgia kialakĂtása az optimalizálás, a hatĂ©konyság fokozása Ă©rdekĂ©ben.
Munkám során primer adatgyűjtĂ©ssel felmĂ©rtem a legnagyobb laskagomba termelĹ‘i kör szerkezetĂ©t, megállapĂtottam a jellemzĹ‘ ĂĽzemmĂ©retet, a termesztĹ‘ berendezĂ©sek korszerűsĂ©gĂ©t Ă©s az alkalmazott termesztĂ©stechnolĂłgia fĹ‘bb paramĂ©tereit.
A HK35, 357 Ă©s P70 hibridek esetĂ©ben laboratĂłriumi Ă©s kislĂ©ptĂ©kű ĂĽzemi kĂsĂ©rletekben vizsgáltam az átszövetĂ©si hĹ‘mĂ©rsĂ©klet változásának a micĂ©lium növekedĂ©sre Ă©s a termĂ©shozamra gyakorolt hatását; az összefĂĽggĂ©st az átszövetĂ©s idĹ‘tartama Ă©s a termĂ©shozam között; a termĹ‘refordĂtási hĹ‘mĂ©rsĂ©klet termĂ©shozamra gyakorolt hatását; a tápközeg kĂ©mhatásának változását a vegetatĂv növekedĂ©s során Ă©s az összefĂĽggĂ©st a kalap növekedĂ©s Ă©s a hĹ‘mĂ©rsĂ©klet változása között.
Megvizsgáltam néhány környezeti tényező (pH, hőmérséklet, só-tűrés és rézion érzékenység) hatását a beteg laskagomba termőtestből izolált Pseudomonas fajok szaporodására.
A vizsgálatok során kapott eredmĂ©nyek alapján leĂrtam az általam vizsgált három hibrid fajtaspecifikus termesztĂ©stechnolĂłgiái közötti kĂĽlönbsĂ©geket, amelyek a következĹ‘k:
A HK35 hibridnĂ©l az átszövetĂ©s során a termesztĹ‘közegben mĂ©rt hĹ‘mĂ©rsĂ©klet beállĂtásához a 25 ĚŠC az irányadĂł, az idĹ‘tartam 20-26 nap között van. Gazdasági szempontbĂłl a rövidebb inkubáciĂłs hĹ‘mĂ©rsĂ©klet a kedvezĹ‘bb, ezĂ©rt a költsĂ©ghatĂ©konyság figyelembe vĂ©telĂ©vel a 20 nap az ajánlott idĹ‘tartam. A termĹ‘refordĂtási hĹ‘mĂ©rsĂ©klet optimuma a 16 ĚŠC, de figyelembe kell venni azt, hogy ennĂ©l már 3 ĚŠC-kal alacsonyabb hĹ‘mĂ©rsĂ©klet 30-50%-kal csökkenti a termĂ©shozamot.
A 357 hibrid esetĂ©ben az átszövetĂ©s hĹ‘mĂ©rsĂ©kleti optimuma 25 ĚŠC, viszont ez a hibrid Ă©rzĂ©kenyen reagál a termesztĹ‘közeg hĹ‘mĂ©rsĂ©kletĂ©nek növekedĂ©sĂ©re Ă©s már 31 ĚŠC-nál a hozam 50%-kal csökken. Az átszövetĂ©s idĹ‘tartamánál fontos, hogy minimálisan Ă©rje el a 20 napot, azonban az optimális idĹ‘tartam 26-29 naphoz áll közelebb. A termĹ‘refordĂtási hĹ‘mĂ©rsĂ©klet optimuma 19 ËšC, de mĂ©g elfogadhatĂł eredmĂ©nyt ad a 22 ËšC-os termĹ‘refordĂtás is.
A P70 hibrid átszövetĂ©si hĹ‘mĂ©rsĂ©kletĂ©nek optimuma a 22-25 ĚŠC, az idĹ‘tartam pedig a HK35 hibridhez hasonlĂłan feltĂ©tlenĂĽl Ă©rje el a 20 napot, de ne haladja meg a 26 napot. Gazdasági szempontok figyelembevĂ©telĂ©vel javasolom a 20 nap intervallumot. A termĹ‘refordĂtás optimális hĹ‘mĂ©rsĂ©klete a 13 ĚŠC, azonban 19 ĚŠC-ig a termĂ©smennyisĂ©g nem, csak a minĹ‘sĂ©g csökken.
A vizsgálatok alapján javaslom a hibridek szezonális alkalmazását. A HK35 hibrid jĂłl termeszthetĹ‘ a tavaszi-Ĺ‘szi átmeneti idĹ‘járási viszonyok mellett, a 357 hibrid viszont a HK35 hibridnĂ©l jobban alkalmazkodik a nyári melegebb termesztĂ©si viszonyokhoz. A P70 kifejezetten tĂ©li fajta, mivel mind az átszövetĂ©s, mind a termĹ‘refordĂtás során az alacsonyabb hĹ‘mĂ©rsĂ©kleteket igĂ©nyli.
Az eltérések és ezek a terméshozamra gyakorolt hatása miatt javaslom, hogy az általános laskagomba termesztési technológia helyett, figyelembe véve a fajták eltérő környezeti igényeit, a termelők alkalmazzanak fajtaspecifikus technológiát a hozamfokozás érdekében
Production of extracellular proteases by human pathogenic Trichoderma longibrachiatum strains
Species belonging to the filamentous fungal genus Trichoderma are well known as potential candidates for the biological control of plant pathogenic fungi and as cellulase producers of biotechnological importance. Several data were published in the last decade also about the clinical importance of this genus, indicating that Trichoderma strains may be potential opportunistic pathogens in immunocompromised patients. However, there is a lack of information about the potential virulence factors of clinical Trichoderma strains. This study was designed to examine the extracellular proteolytic enzymes of six clinical T. longibrachiatum isolates. Supernatants from induced liquid cultures of the examined strains were screened for proteolytic enzyme activities with 11 different chromogenic p-nitroaniline substrates. The production of trypsin-like, chymotrypsin-like and chymoelastase-like protease activities cleaving N-Benzoyl-L-Phe-L-Val-L-Arg-p-nitroanilide, N-Succinyl-L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Pro-L-Phe-p-nitroanilide,and N-Succinyl-L- Ala-L-Ala-L-Pro-L-Leu-p-nitroanilide, respectively, was common among the strains examined. Separation of trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like activities by column chromatography revealed, that both systems are complex consisting of several isoenzymes. The pH-dependence of these two protease systems was also studied. Based on the results, the different isoenzymes seem to have different optimal pH values. Extracellular proteolytic enzymes may be involved in the pathogenecity of Trichoderma strains as facultative human pathogens
Performance of Ceriporiopsis SP. in the Treatment of Black Liquor Wastewater
High amounts of black liquor wastewater are generated from bioethanol production by using oil palm empty fruit bunches. It contains an alkaline solution (NaOH), so it is quite toxic for aquatic ecosystems if discharged directly into waters. Black liquor has been treated by coagulation method, and it still needs additional treatment. This study aimed to determine degradation of black liquor wastewater by selected white-rot fungi (WRF). Five different strains of WRF have been tested for their ability to decolorize black liquor on agar and liquid media. Out of five fungi studied, two fungi, Ceriporiopsis sp. and Phanerochaete chrysosporium, showed the capacity to grow more than 50% on agar medium. In liquid medium, the percentage of decolorization of 15,000 ppm coagulated and diluted black liquor ranged from 70 to 89% at 30 days depending on the fungal strain. Ceriporiopsis sp. showed the better ability to decolorize black liquor than P. chrysosporium. The performance of Ceriporiopsis sp was evaluated regarding decolorization of black liquor, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and mycelial dry weight both in coagulated black liquor and original black liquor. The color of original and coagulated black liquor can be decolorized up to 90.13 and 86.85%, respectively. COD in original and coagulated black liquor was reduced up to 70.17 and 40.09%, respectively. The presence of coagulant Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC) inhibited degradation of black liquor by fungus. The result demonstrated that Ceriporiopsis sp has a potential alternative to treat black liquor wastewater
Biology and biotechnology of Trichoderma
Fungi of the genus Trichoderma are soilborne, green-spored ascomycetes that can be found all over the world. They have been studied with respect to various characteristics and applications and are known as successful colonizers of their habitats, efficiently fighting their competitors. Once established, they launch their potent degradative machinery for decomposition of the often heterogeneous substrate at hand. Therefore, distribution and phylogeny, defense mechanisms, beneficial as well as deleterious interaction with hosts, enzyme production and secretion, sexual development, and response to environmental conditions such as nutrients and light have been studied in great detail with many species of this genus, thus rendering Trichoderma one of the best studied fungi with the genome of three species currently available. Efficient biocontrol strains of the genus are being developed as promising biological fungicides, and their weaponry for this function also includes secondary metabolites with potential applications as novel antibiotics. The cellulases produced by Trichoderma reesei, the biotechnological workhorse of the genus, are important industrial products, especially with respect to production of second generation biofuels from cellulosic waste. Genetic engineering not only led to significant improvements in industrial processes but also to intriguing insights into the biology of these fungi and is now complemented by the availability of a sexual cycle in T. reesei/Hypocrea jecorina, which significantly facilitates both industrial and basic research. This review aims to give a broad overview on the qualities and versatility of the best studied Trichoderma species and to highlight intriguing findings as well as promising applications
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