Transformation of Political-Economic System in Poland and New Values of Built Heritage

Artykuł dotyczy przekształceń i modyfikacji dziedzictwa architektonicznego w Polsce po roku 1989. Upadek żelaznej kurtyny wyznaczał początek procesu transformacji ustrojowej prowadzącej od państwa socjalistycznego będącego częścią bloku sowieckiego do państwa kapitalistycznego, funkcjonującego w strukturach Unii Europejskiej. Wdrażanie instytucji i procedur demokratycznych, a także tworzenie wolnego rynku opartego na własności prywatnej stworzyło warunki dla głębokich przemian cywilizacyjnych, które z kolei doprowadziły do znaczących przeobrażeń tradycyjnego krajobrazu kulturowego. Proces kształtowania społeczeństwa pluralistycznego sprzyjał także rozwojowi nowych koncepcji i postaw w sferze dziedzictwa. Jednakże nie wszystkie z nich mają swe źródło w zjawisku, które Pierre Nora określił mianem „eksplozji pamięci”. Praktyki społeczne dotyczące dziedzictwa architektonicznego w niemałym stopniu były również kształtowane przez działania z zakresu polityki kulturalnej państwa. Wraz z pogłębianiem współpracy międzynarodowej i postępem procesów integracyjnych ze strukturami Unii Europejskiej, twórcy tej polityki w coraz szerszym zakresie sięgali do idei i rozwiązań wynikających z doświadczeń rozwiniętych krajów Zachodu. Na ewolucję założeń polityki dziedzictwa realizowanej w omawianym okresie duży wpływ miały także ekonomiczne interpretacje kultury, a zwłaszcza koncepcja kapitału kulturowego jako zasobu wartości kulturowych. Podstawowym celem artykułu jest ukazanie przemian, jakim we współczesnej Polsce ulegają kryteria oceny wartości zabytków. O dynamice tego zjawiska świadczy skala przeobrażeń, którym uległy relikty dawnej architektury w ostatnich dwóch dziesięcioleciach. Artykuł opisuje różne przykłady kontrowersyjnego wykorzystania dziedzictwa budowlanego i analizuje uwarunkowaniami tych rozwiązań, w których autentyczność doświadczeń odbiorców stawiano wyżej niż autentyczność materialnego reliktu przeszłości.This paper concerns post-1989 changes and modifications of Polish built heritage. For Poland, the year of the fall of the Iron Curtain marked the beginning of political and economic transformation: a transition from a socialist state and a member of the Soviet Bloc to a capitalist state integrated with the European Union. The implementation of democratic institutions and procedures, and the rise of free-market economy based on private property, has nurtured profound changes in the standard of living, which in turn triggered significant transformations of the traditional cultural landscape. Along with the development of pluralistic society, new ideas and approaches arose in the heritage sphere. The phenomenon described by Pierre Nora as "the explosion of memory" contributed to these changes, but was by no means their only source. The heritage practices were also shaped by the cultural policy of the state. As international cooperation was deepening, and the integration with the European Union was progressing, the makers of this policy increasingly drew on the ideas and solutions stemming from the experiences of the developed countries of the West. The heritage policy of the period was also influenced by the economic interpretations of culture, especially the idea of cultural capital, understood as an asset of cultural values. The primary objective of this article is to present the changes that the criteria of evaluation of monuments have been undergoing in contemporary Poland. The process is tremendously dynamic, which becomes apparent when one considers the widespread, grand-scale changes to the relics of old architecture in the last two decades. This paper describes examples of controversial uses of built heritage and details the circumstances behind a number of particular cases when the authenticity of visitors’ experience was chosen over the authenticity of a material relic of the past

Profesor Jan Juliusz Tajchman 1929-2020. In memoriam

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MIEJSCA PAMIĘCI JAKO PRZEDMIOT REFLEKSJI TEORETYCZNO-KONSERWATORSKIEJ

The discussion on the applicability of the idea of places of memory in the contemporary theory of conservation, and by extension, in practice and in establishing long-term conservation policies, is vital for the future of heritage protection. The aim of this article is to present the evolving understanding of memory by the authors of conservation theories and doctrines. The first part is concerned with the results of linguistic analyses which suggest that thinking in terms of signs and places of memory is deeply linked to the emergence of conservation attitudes in the history of European culture. What follows is an overview of the transformations of the cultural status of monuments from the Enlightenment to the present day, focused on the concept of historical monuments (Voltaire, J. J. Winckelmann), on the problem of the intentionality of monuments and relativisation of the criteria used for their assessment (A. Riegl), as well as on the influence of the idea of lieux de mémoire by P. Nora on the contemporary understanding of heritage and the principles of protecting it.Dyskusja dotycząca włączenia idei miejsc pamięci we współczesną teorię konserwatorską, a co za tym idzie także w działania praktyczne oraz tworzenie długoterminowych polityk konserwatorskich, jest istotna dla przyszłości ochrony dziedzictwa

Dialog z tradycją w konserwatorstwie – koncepcja zabytkoznawczej analizy wartościującej

Valuation in conservation of cultural heritage has became a subject for scientific reflection thanks to Alois Riegl, who in his Der Moderne Denkmalkultus from 1903 identified and described motivations and values linked to the works on monuments of the past. His systematic of values has been found useful not only in deciding on whether a given object should be protected by law, but also for planning the conservation-restauration processes. One of the greatest continuators of Riegl’s thought was Walter Frodl (1908–1994), who suggested updating the systematics which dated back to the beginning of the 20th century. The reasoning in this article is based on the comparison of both theories, with special attention paid to the order the values described in the systematics and to different ways of understanding them. The analyses presented here lead to the idea that in the dialogue between Frodl and Der Moderne Denkmalkultus , the key concept is the abandonment of the division between Memory Values ( Erinnerungswerte ) and Present-Day Values ( Gegenwartswerte ). It is not the issue of conservation of lieux de m é moire that is the most important in Frodl’s thought. As opposed to Riegl, he does not seek the cultural sources of different approaches to conservation and he does not explain the origins of the modern monuments conservation. Instead, he focuses on the objects that are already protected by conservators, and which are subject to the actions taken by the administration. By abandoning the direct commentary on the issues of collective memory, he tries to enrich the axiological frame of reference with the values that originated in the relationship between monuments and their spatial and social contexts. The results of such a multilevel comparative analysis has been used to develop an updated version of the systematics of values for architectural conservation. A framework for the model for the value evaluation of monuments that is used in practical conservation process, as well as in the education of future conservators at Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, and different stages of such evaluation, are presented in the conclusions of this article

Dzieło sztuki w teorii restauracji Cesare Brandiego

This article contains a discussion on the Cesare Brandi’s views on the issue of coming into existence, the reception and the restoration of the works of art. Also, the concept of the creative process suggested by Brandi in the publications like Carmine o della pittura (1945), Arcadio o della scultura, Eliante o dell’architecttura (1956) and Celso o della poesia (1957), and the ref lection on the specific determinants of the being of the work of art and its perception in the act of the consciousness, developed by him in the later studies, are compared. Within the latter thread, the concepts suggested by Brandi in Teoria del restauro (1963) and Le due vie (1966) are analysed. A special attention is given to the anti-positivist aspects of the discussed theory: the consequences of the accepting of the phenomenological definition of the matter of the work of art are revealed, the concept of the aesthetic instance and the historic instance of the consciousness are discussed, and the premises taken into account by Brandi when he acknowledged conservation as the action ancillary to restauration are characterized.

Barriers in the implementation of the Resuscitation Guidelines : european survey of defibrillation techniques

BACKGROUND: The European Resuscitation Council (ERC) Guidelines recommend providing chest compressions during defibrillator charging and using adhesive pads for defibrillation to increase the effectiveness of resuscitation. However, the most common defibrillation technique in each European country is unknown, as are the potential barriers in implementation of the guidelines. The aim of this study was to assess the techniques of defibrillation procedures performed by professional European healthcare providers and to estimate how frequently adhesive pads are used. METHODS: We sent an online questionnaire to the ERC National Representatives that contained 12 questions regarding the techniques of defibrillation and monitoring heart rhythm during cardiac arrest. We also evaluated the frequency and indications of manual paddles use. RESULTS: We collected questionnaires from 27 out of 33 invited ERC member countries. The response rate was 82 %. Seventeen (17/27; 63 %) declared the use of adhesive pads. The leading cause for not using adhesive pads was economic reason (9/17; 53 %). Some respondents declared resistance to using adhesive pads by healthcare providers or tradition connected with manual paddles use. We found three leading techniques of defibrillation with manual paddles: Charging paddles keeping them on the defibrillator during chest compressions being delivered (9/21; 43 %), Charging paddles keeping them on the patient chest during chest compressions being delivered (6/21; 29 %), Charging paddles on the patient chest without chest compressions (5/21; 24 %). Respondents from 11 countries declared the use of gel or electrode pastes during defibrillation with manual paddles. DISCUSSION: This study collected preliminary data showing how defibrillation is performed in Europe. It revealed the recommeded techniques underuse and identyfied barriers in the Resuscitation Guidelines implementation. The survey should be open to a wider group of respondents. in each country in future. CONCLUSIONS: There are limitations and barriers in the implementation of the defibrillation technique guidelines. There are still countries where the use of adhesive pads is low due to economic and traditional reasons. There is a need for further efforts focused on guidelines implementation

Predictive value of ERCC1 single-nucleotide polymorphism in patients receiving platinum-based chemotherapy for locally-advanced and advanced non-small cell lung cancer — a pilot study

Platinum-based chemotherapy is the main type of I-line treatment of advanced and non-operative NSCLC patients without EGFR gene mutation. The excision repair cross-complementation group 1 (ERCC1) is an enzyme that executes the incision of the damaged DNA strand and removes platinum-induced DNA adducts. We investigated whether ERCC1 gene polymorphism has an effect on the response to chemotherapy and survival in 43 patients with NSCLC treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. ERCC1 19007 T>C SNPs were assessed using a PCR-RFLP methods in DNA isolated from peripheral blood lymphocytes. Disease control occurred significantly (p = 0.045) more frequently in patients with CC or CT genotype compared to patients with TT genotype. Median PFS and OS for CC homozygous were 4 and 10.5 months, 4 and 12.5 months for CT heterozygous, but only 0.3 and 1.5 months for TT homozygous patients, respectively. The probability of PFS was significantly higher (HR = 0.438, 95% CI: 0.084–0.881, p = 0.03) and probability of OS was insignificantlyhigher (HR = 0.503, 95% CI: 0.129–1.137, p = 0.084) in patients with CC or CT genotype than in patients with TT genotype. Uncommon TT genotype of ERCC1 19007 T>C polymorphism could predict poor response and shortening of progression free survival in NSCLC patients treated with platinum-based I-line chemotherapy. The analysis of this polymorphism may serve as a promising tool in the qualification of advanced NSCLC patients for appropriate chemotherapy

Phenotype of dendritic cells generated in the presence of non-small cell lung cancer antigens - preliminary report.

Therapeutic outcomes of definitively treated non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are unacceptably poor. It has been proposed that the manipulation of dendritic cells (DCs) as a "natural" vaccine adjuvant may prove to be a particularly effective way to stimulate antitumor immunity. Presently, there is no standardized methodology for preparing vaccines and many questions concerning the optimal source and type of antigens as well as maturation state and activity of DCs are still unsolved. The study population comprised of ten patients with histologically confirmed NSCLC (mean age: 67.63 +/- 6.15 years). Resected small tumor pieces were placed in tissue culture dishes containing different growth factors in order to obtain pure cancer cells. Seven days after the operation, the PBMC were collected and monocytes were purified by the adherence to culture dishes. Monocytes were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% of autologous plasma in the presence of rhIL-4 and rhGM-CSF to generate immature autologous (DCs). TNF-alpha with or without tumor cells' lysate were added to maturation of DCs. After 7 days of culture, DCs were harvested and the expression of CD1a, CD83, CD80, CD86 and HLA-DR antigens were analyzed by flow cytometry. We discovered higher (p=0.07) percentage of semimature DCs in tumor cell lysate culture in comparison with TNF-alpha culture (21.22 +/- 16.82% versus 11.27 +/- 11.64%). The expression of co-stimulatory and maturation markers (CD86, CD83 and HLA-DR) was higher on DCs from the culture with tumor cell lysate compared with TNF-alpha culture as a control. Specimen of NSCLC's culture prepared in this way could generate differences in DCs phenotype, which may have an influence on the therapeutic and protective antitumor immunity of the vaccine. Our research seems to be the next step in the development of DC-based vaccine. We are going to continue the investigation to start the preparation of a pattern of immunological vaccine against lung cancer

Characteristics of the polar hydrological year 1979/1980 in the basin of the Warenskiold Glacier, SW Spitsbergen

This paper contains thsults of hydrological and hydrochemical investigations carried out in the basin of Werenskiold Glacier against the background of determining climate elements. It also gives chosen elements of the water balance and mass balance determined from year-long investigations of the polar hydrological year 1979-1980