Global Security: Russia, Ukraine, and What Comes Next

February 24, 2022, changed the lives of all Ukrainians. People throughout the country woke up to the sounds of bombings in the cities, and all soon knew that the full-scale war had begun. That morning Ukrainians realized that Russians could never become “brothers and sisters” again. Russia is a terrorist state that is continuing to commit war crimes. Crimes against peace, and crimes against humanity. Russia has now challenged the entire world with bombings, murder, and acts against civilians - including women and children.However, these unthinkable circumstances now allow Ukraine to change the situation together with the rest of the liberal world by creating a new model of defense and security. Ukraine and the liberal democracies can only withstand emerging threats by implementing a global security system with the capability to stop the transnational terrorism of the Russian Federation. Where the United Nations includes all states, regardless of their beliefs, this security order would include those with similar values to secure freedom and democracy. In other words, where NATO focuses on Europe, this new order would join the free world regardless of geographic location. As a start towards this future, I propose a global security program that highlights the risks of autocratic states like Russia, both near and far

Comparison of Spider-Robot Information Models

The paper deduces a mathematical model of a spider-robot with six three-link limbs. Many limbs with a multi-link structure greatly complicate the process of synthesizing a model, since in total the robot has twenty-four degrees of freedom, i.e., three coordinates of the center of mass of the body in space, three angles of rotation of the body relative to its center of mass and three degrees of freedom for each limb, to describe the position of the links. The derived mathematical model is based on the Lagrange equations with a further transformation of the equations to the Cauchy normal form in a matrix form. To test the resulting model in a SimInTech environment, an information model is synthesized and two simple experiments ar carried out to simulate the behavior of real spiders: moving forward in a straight line and turning in place at a given angle. The experimental results demonstrate that the synthesized information model can well cope with the tasks and the mathematical model underlying it can be used for further research

Интегрированное бюджетирование на сельскохозяйственных предприятиях: функциональность и принятие управленческих решений

In agriculture, issues of cost optimization and resource conservation play an important role both in setting correct and effective accounting and managing the agricultural business and in making strategic, timely and focused management decisions. Currently, more and more agricultural enterprises are striving to justify the long-term goal of developing their agricultural business. This fact largely forms the relevance of budgeting in the framework of the current state of the economy, which is in a stagnant state. The aim of the study was the development of budgeting methods for agricultural enterprises as a tool for accounting and analysis in the management of their activities. Nowadays, budgeting is one of the important elements of agricultural enterprise management concepts. Budgeting with an integrated approach as part of strategic budgeting in agriculture should take a leading position, as mathematical calculations are carried out, a market analysis is carried out taking into account all the features of accounting management and financial accounting and business management. In the research process, general scientific and special methods were applied: analysis, synthesis, abstraction, modeling, methods of systematization and generalization of the results. The objectives of the study were to assess the role of budgeting in agricultural enterprises; substantiation of the functionality of integrated budgeting; determination of the stages and types of economic decisions of integrated budgeting; development of a conceptual model for assessing the risk level of strategic budget alternatives. In accordance with the goals and objectives, the functionality of budgeting is substantiated, the stages and types of economic solutions for agricultural enterprises are determined. A conceptual model for assessing the risk level of strategic budget alternatives in agriculture has been developed. The proposed activities will help agricultural organizations to fully carry out activities, taking into account preliminary and competent budgeting, as well as budget alternatives.En la agricultura, los temas de optimización de costos y conservación de recursos juegan un papel importante tanto en establecer una contabilidad correcta y efectiva y en administrar el negocio agrícola como en tomar decisiones estratégicas, oportunas y enfocadas en el manejo. Actualmente, cada vez más empresas agrícolas se esfuerzan por justificar el objetivo a largo plazo de desarrollar su negocio agrícola. Este hecho forma en gran medida la relevancia del presupuesto en el marco del estado actual de la economía, que se encuentra en un estado estancado. El objetivo del estudio fue el desarrollo de métodos de presupuesto para empresas agrícolas como una herramienta de contabilidad y análisis en la gestión de sus actividades. Hoy en día, el presupuesto es uno de los elementos importantes de los conceptos de gestión de empresas agrícolas. La presupuestación con un enfoque integrado como parte de la elaboración de presupuestos estratégicos en la agricultura debe tomar una posición de liderazgo, ya que se realizan cálculos matemáticos, se realiza un análisis de mercado teniendo en cuenta todas las características de la gestión contable y la contabilidad financiera y la gestión empresarial. En el proceso de investigación, se aplicaron métodos generales científicos y especiales: análisis, síntesis, abstracción, modelado, métodos de sistematización y generalización de los resultados. Los objetivos del estudio fueron evaluar el papel del presupuesto en las empresas agrícolas; fundamentación de la funcionalidad del presupuesto integrado; determinación de las etapas y tipos de decisiones económicas de presupuestación integrada; Desarrollo de un modelo conceptual para evaluar el nivel de riesgo de las alternativas de presupuesto estratégico. De acuerdo con las metas y objetivos, se fundamenta la funcionalidad del presupuesto, se determinan las etapas y los tipos de soluciones económicas para las empresas agrícolas. Se ha desarrollado un modelo conceptual para evaluar el nivel de riesgo de las alternativas presupuestarias estratégicas en la agricultura. Las actividades propuestas ayudarán a las organizaciones agrícolas a llevar a cabo actividades en su totalidad, teniendo en cuenta el presupuesto preliminar y competente, así como las alternativas presupuestarias.В сельском хозяйстве вопросы оптимизации затрат, сохранности ресурсов, играют важную роль как в постановке правильного и эффективного бухгалтерского учета так и управления сельскохозяйственным бизнесом и принятии стратегических, своевременных и целенаправленных управленческих решений. В настоящее время все больше сельскохозяйственных предприятий стремятся к обоснованию долговременной цели развития своего сельскохозяйственного бизнеса. Данный факт во многом формирует актуальность осуществления бюджетирования в рамках современного состояния экономики, которая до сегодняшнего дня находится в стагнационном состоянии. Целью исследования являлось развитие методики бюджетирования для сельскохозяйственных предприятий как инструмента учета и анализа в управлении их деятельностью. Бюджетирование сейчас выступает одним из важных элементов концепций по управлению сельскохозяйственным предприятием. Бюджетирование с интегральным подходом как часть стратегического бюджетирования в сельском хозяйстве должно занять ведущие позиции, так как осуществляются математические расчеты, проводится анализ рынка с учетом всех особенностей бухгалтерского управленческого и финансового учета и управления бизнесом. В процессе исследования применены общенаучные и специальные методы: анализ, синтез, абстрагирование, моделирование, приемы систематизации и обобщения полученных результатов. Задачами исследования являлись оценка роли бюджетирования в сельскохозяйственных предприятиях; обоснование функциональных возможностей интегрального бюджетирования; определение этапов и типов экономических решений интегрального бюджетирования; разработка концептуальной модели оценки уровня риска стратегических бюджетных альтернатив. В соответствии с целями и поставленными задачами обоснованы функциональные возможности бюджетирования, определены этапы и типы экономических решений для предприятий сельского хозяйства. Разработана концептуальная модель оценки уровня риска стратегических бюджетных альтернатив в сельском хозяйстве. Предлагаемые мероприятия помогут сельскохозяйственным организациям в полной мере осуществлять деятельность с учетом предварительного и грамотного бюджетирования, а так же бюджетных альтернатив

Special features of criminal statistics of criminality in the field of sport

The modern state of criminality and its statistical analysis are an integral part of any criminological research including the field of sport. Besides the main factors forming the crime rate, the data of the judicial statistics are also influenced by the so-called minor factors that are beyond the statistics. The objective of the present research is to reveal the factors influencing the formation of indicators of statistics in the field of sport. The research uses the systematic, structural and functional, comparative and historical, and formal judicial methods that allowed determining the main directions and methods of execution of criminality recording in the field of sport that is highly latent. It was determined that there were discrepancies of the normative requirements with the qualification of wrongful acts that allowed revealing the particular correlation between the changes in the criminal law and the statistical indicators. The overrating of crime detection statistics by the particular changes in parameters of crime committed shall be called additional factors influencing the reliability and objectivity of the statistics. At the same time, the statistics of crime committed in the field of sport are required for prognostic purposes, as well as for preventive purposes, as its absence contradicts the social practice. This problem is especially acute for sportsmen who due to the reasons related, for example, to the harm injured to their health and life, do not have the ability to continue their professional career. It is a systematic approach to registering crimes committed in the field of sport that allows performing the crime prevention in full that can save also the health and life of a sportsman

Oxygen-deficient (Nd0.4Sr0.6)2Ni0.8M0.2O4-δ nickelates as oxygen electrode materials for SOFC/SOEC

Perovskite-related Ln2NiO4+δ (Ln = La, Pr, Nd) nickelates with layered Ruddlesden-Popper combine redox stability with noticeable oxygen stoichiometry changes, yielding enhanced mixed transport and electrocatalytic properties. These unique features are promising for applications as oxygen electrodes with good electrochemical performance in reversible SOFC/SOEC (solid oxide fuel/electrolysis cell) systems. To date, most efforts were focused on oxygen-hyperstoichiometric Ln2NiO4+δ-based phases, whereas nickelates with oxygen-deficient lattice remain poorly explored. Recent studies demonstrated that the highest electrical conductivity in (Ln2-xSrx)2NiO4±δ series at elevated temperatures is observed for the compositions containing ~ 60 at.% of strontium in A sublattice [1,2]. The present work was focused on the characterization of (Nd0.4Sr0.6)2Ni0.8M0.2O4-δ (M = Ni, Co, Fe) nickelates for the possible use as materials for reversible oxygen electrodes. The ceramic materials were prepared by Pechini method with repeated annealings at 650-1200°C and sintered at 1250-1300°C for 5 h under oxygen atmosphere. Variable-temperature XRD studies confirmed that all studied compositions retain tetragonal K2NiF4-type structure in the temperature range 25-900°C. The results of thermogravimetric analysis showed that the prepared nickelates has oxygen-deficient lattice under oxidizing conditions at temperatures above 700°C. Partial substitution of nickel by cobalt or iron results in a decrease of p-type electronic conductivity and the concentration of oxygen vacancies in the lattice, but also suppresses dimensional changes associated with microcracking effects (due to anisotropic thermal expansion of tetragonal lattice). Electrochemical performance of porous (Nd0.4Sr0.6)2Ni0.8M0.2O4-δ electrodes in contact with Ce0.9Gd0.1O2-δ solid electrolyte was evaluated at 600-800°C employing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and steady-state polarization (anodic and cathodic) measurements.publishe

Search for charge-asymmetric production of W\u27 bosons in tt + jet events from pp collisions at √s = 7 TeV

A search is presented for charge-asymmetric production of a W\u27 boson that has been proposed to accommodate the forward–backward asymmetry observed in the production of top–antitop quark pairs at the Tevatron. The new heavy W\u27 boson would be produced in association with a top quark and would decay into top and down quarks. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb−1 in pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV, recorded by the CMS detector at the LHC. No significant excess above the standard model expectations is observed, and, from a combination of the electron-plusjets and muon-plus-jets channels, a 95% confidence level lower limit of 840 GeV/c2 is set on the W\u27 boson mass for a W\u27 boson model with values for coupling constants to top and down quarks gL = 0 and gR = 2. In addition, a kinematic reconstruction of the W[1] resonance mass using the inherent charge asymmetry of this model finds no indication of the presence of W\u27 events in the data

Study of W boson production in PbPb and pp collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV

A measurement is presented of W-boson production in PbPb collisions carried out at a nucleon–nucleon (NN) centre-of-mass energy √sNN of 2.76 TeV at the LHC using the CMS detector. In data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 7.3 μb−1, the number of W → μνμ decays is extracted in the region of muon pseudorapidity |ημ| \u3c 2.1 and transverse momentum pμT \u3e 25 GeV/c. Yields of muons found per unit of pseudorapidity correspond to (159 ± 10(stat.) ± 12(syst.)) × 10−8 W+ and (154 ± 10(stat.) ± 12(syst.)) × 10−8 W− bosons per minimum-bias PbPb collision. The dependence of W production on the centrality of PbPb collisions is consistent with a scaling of the yield by the number of incoherent NN collisions. The yield of W bosons is also studied in a sample of pp interactions at √s = 2.76 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 231 nb−1. The individual W+ and W− yields in PbPb and pp collisions are found to agree, once the neutron and proton content in Pb nuclei is taken into account. Likewise, the difference observed in the dependence of the positive and negative muon production on pseudorapidity is consistent with next-to-leading-order perturbative QCD calculations

Search for physics beyond the standard model in events with a Z boson, jets, and missing transverse energy in pp collisions at √s = 7 TeV

A search is presented for physics beyond the standard model (BSM) in events with a Z boson, jets, and missing transverse energy (EmissT ). This signature is motivated by BSM physics scenarios, including supersymmetry. The study is performed using a sample of proton–proton collision data collected at √s = 7 TeV with the CMS experiment at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.98 fb−1. The contributions from the dominant standard model backgrounds are estimated from data using two complementary strategies, the jet-Z balance technique and a method based on modeling EmissT with data control samples. In the absence of evidence for BSM physics, we set limits on the non-standard-model contributions to event yields in the signal regions and interpret the results in the context of simplified model spectra. Additional information is provided to facilitate tests of other BSM physics models

Search for the Standard Model Higgs Boson in the Decay Channel H → ZZ → 4l in pp Collisions at √s = 7 TeV

A search for a Higgs boson in the four-lepton decay channel H→ZZ, with each Z boson decaying to an electron or muon pair, is reported. The search covers Higgs boson mass hypotheses in the range of 110 \u3c mH \u3c 600 GeV. The analysis uses data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.7 fb-1 recorded by the CMS detector in pp collisions at √s = 7 TeV from the LHC. Seventy- two events are observed with four-lepton invariant mass m4ℓ \u3e 100 GeV (with 13 below 160 GeV), while 67.1 ± 6.0 (9.5 ± 1.3) events are expected from background. The four-lepton mass distribution is consistent with the expectation of standard model background production of ZZ pairs. Upper limits at 95% confidence level exclude the standard model Higgs boson in the ranges of 134–158 GeV, 180–305 GeV, and 340–465 GeV. Small excesses of events are observed around masses of 119, 126, and 320 GeV, making the observed limits weaker than expected in the absence of a signal

Jet momentum dependence of jet quenching in PbPb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV

Dijet production in PbPb collisions at a nucleon–nucleon center-of-mass energy of 2.76 TeV is studied with the CMS detector at the LHC. A data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 150 μb−1 is analyzed. Jets are reconstructed using combined information from tracking and calorimetry, using the anti-kT algorithm with R = 0.3. The dijet momentum balance and angular correlations are studied as a function of collision centrality and leading jet transverse momentum. For the most peripheral PbPb collisions, good agreement of the dijet momentum balance distributions with pp data and reference calculations at the same collision energy is found, while more central collisions show a strong imbalance of leading and subleading jet transverse momenta attributed to the jet-quenching effect. The dijets in central collisions are found to be more unbalanced than the reference, for leading jet transverse momenta up to the highest values studied