Towarzystwa oszczędnościowo-pożyczkowe w guberni kaliskiej do 1914 roku

Kredyt, na szerszą skalę pojawiający się wraz z rozpowszechnieniem pieniądza, jest jedną z miar wzajemności i solidarności, jako nierozerwalnie związany z wszelką wymianą. Istniejące dziś praktycznie w każdym miasteczku na terenie kraju banki spółdzielcze stanowią ważny element w ich życiu ekonomicznym, a także społecznym i kulturalnym. Te popularne w lokalnych ośrodkach instytucje bankowe wywodzą swój początek od powstających na szeroką skalę na przełomie XIX i XX w. na ziemiach polskich towarzystw pożyczkowo-oszczędnościowych. Publikacja dotyczy istotnego rozdziału życia gospodarczego na ziemiach polskich – dziejów taniego kredytu w latach 1867–1914. Autor przedstawia tempo rozwoju towarzystw oszczędnościowo-pożyczkowych, jak również udział różnych grup społecznych w ich tworzeniu, w guberni kaliskiej, niezbyt silnie uprzemysłowionym rejonie Królestwa Polskiego. Działalność omawianych towarzystw autor sytuuje na tle dziejów spółdzielczości kredytowej na ziemiach polskich (np. kasy Stefczyka w Galicji), porównuje je z innymi instytucjami kredytowymi, analizuje proces ich powstawania, proces udzielania pożyczek, oprocentowanie. Czytelnik znajdzie tu również wiele informacji na temat życia społecznego w jednej z guberni Królestwa Polskiego, autor prezentuje bowiem strukturę społeczną władz towarzystw, a także ich działalność społeczną i dobroczynną. Te niezwykle interesujące wątki zostały ponadto zebrane w aneksach do publikacji.Udostępnienie publikacji Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego finansowane w ramach projektu „Doskonałość naukowa kluczem do doskonałości kształcenia”. Projekt realizowany jest ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Wiedza Edukacja Rozwój; nr umowy: POWER.03.05.00-00-Z092/17-00. Publikacja została dofinansowana przez Spółdzielczą Grupę Bankową. Publikacja została dofinansowana przez Gminę i Miasto Błaszki

The Participation of the Catholic Church in the Peace Process among the Tribes of Southern Highlands Province in the Diocese of Mendi, Papua New Guinea

The author describes several social and peace-making initiatives which were undertaken in the last decades by the Catholic organizations active within the diocese of Mendi in Papua New Guinea. The country gained independence in 1975, but remained culturally diversified. The basic identity for most of the citizens is still related to the tribal level. Political conflicts, corruption, abuse of alcohol and narcotics resulted in the past decades in several outbursts of violence among tribes of the Southern Highlands Province. Since the central government was unable to answer this challenge, the Catholic organizations of the Mendi diocese became very much involved in the peace-making process and other social initiatives. Activities of two Catholic organizations are described in more detail, namely the Diocesan Development Secretariat and the Justice and Peace Group, which have succeeded in mediations among several tribes.The author describes several social and peace-making initiatives which were undertaken in the last decades by the Catholic organizations active within the diocese of Mendi in Papua New Guinea. The country gained independence in 1975, but remained culturally diversified. The basic identity for most of the citizens is still related to the tribal level. Political conflicts, corruption, abuse of alcohol and narcotics resulted in the past decades in several outbursts of violence among tribes of the Southern Highlands Province. Since the central government was unable to answer this challenge, the Catholic organizations of the Mendi diocese became very much involved in the peace-making process and other social initiatives. Activities of two Catholic organizations are described in more detail, namely the Diocesan Development Secretariat and the Justice and Peace Group, which have succeeded in mediations among several tribes

Analysis of user behavior and authorization methods in context of mobile devices security

This article discusses authentication methods for users of mobile devices with touchscreens. The analysis concerns the authentication methods already existing in Android OS and new authorization methods proposed by the authors. Pattern and PIN (Personal Identification Number) lock were compared with two new authentication methods. The time required for entering the key, number of mistakes, number of possible combinations were analyzed

Barium concentration in cast roe deer antlers related to air pollution caused by burning of barium-enriched coals in southern Poland

Concentrations of Ba, Zn, Pb, Fe, and Mn were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy in freshly cast antlers from male roe deer of different ages (2 to 4 years old and older than 4 years) collected in Balin near Chrzanów and in the vicinity of Żywiec, S Poland. Barium content ranged from 124 to 196 ppm (mean 165 ppm) in the Balin 12 samples and from 207 to 351 ppm (mean 287 ppm) in 3 antlers from Żywiec. The concentration of Ba was comparable to that of Zn (134–275 ppm, mean 169 ppm). Elevated concentrations of Ba in antlers most probably originated from direct uptake of airborne barite nanocrystals through the respiratory system and/or by digestion of barite-rich dust particles deposited on plants. Burning of Ba-enriched coals is regarded as the principal source of Ba in the investigated areas inhabited by roe deer. Increased concentrations of Ba in antlers from the Żywiec area compared to Balin reflect particularly high air pollution caused by coal-burning mostly for domestic purposes combined with an unfavorable topography that impedes efficient air circulation

SUBMARINE EVIDENCE OF THE LATE WEICHSELIAN MAXIMUM EXTENT AND THE LITTLE ICE AGE (LIA) GLACIER LIMITS IN THE ST. JONSFJORDEN REGION (SVALBARD)

The paper presents the results of bathymetric mapping of selected tidewater glaciers in the St. Jonsfjorden (Svalbard) between 2004 and 2007. We also used the bathymetric data collected by the Norwegian Hydrographic Service (NHS) as well as the shaded relief images based on them. The most clearly visible traces in submarine marginal zones of the glaciers come from the Little Ice Age (LIA), i.e. the cooling period which in the area of St. Jonsfjorden might have ended no later than about 1900. At the beginning of the 20th century, i.e. during a warm period, the glaciers of St. Jonsfjorden reached their maximums. The youngest traces in the seafloor of the fjord and the bays date from this period, similar to the case of the land marginal zones. In front of the cliff of the Dahl Glacier there is a clearly visible zone of submarine moraines. It finishes exactly along the line of the LIA maximum. The sea-floor relief of the fjord and bays shows traces which we interpret as having been formed during the Late Weichselian (13–10 ka B.P.). At that time, the Dahl Glacier advanced onto the northern part of Hermansenøya; its main stream passed to the north of the island. Simultaneously, the Konow-Osborne Glacier terminated 2 to 4 km from the fjord mouth, leaving about 15 km2 of the fjord ice-free.

Influence of scanning strategy parameters on residual stress in the SLM process according to the Bridge Curvature Method for AISI 316L stainless steel

The present paper deals with the investigation and comparison of the influence of scanning strategy on residual stress in the selective laser melting (SLM) process. For the purpose of the experiment, bridge geometry samples were printed by a 3D metal printer, which exhibited tension after cutting from the substrate, slightly bending the samples toward the laser melting direction. Samples were produced with the variation of process parameters and with a change in scanning strategy which plays a major role in stress generation. It was evaluated using the Bridge Curvature Method (BCM) and optical microscopy. At the end, a recommendation was made.Web of Science137art. no. 165

MoE-Mamba: Efficient Selective State Space Models with Mixture of Experts

State Space Models (SSMs) have become serious contenders in the field of sequential modeling, challenging the dominance of Transformers. At the same time, Mixture of Experts (MoE) has significantly improved Transformer-based Large Language Models, including recent state-of-the-art open models. We propose that to unlock the potential of SSMs for scaling, they should be combined with MoE. We showcase this on Mamba, a recent SSM-based model that achieves remarkable performance. Our model, MoE-Mamba, outperforms both Mamba and baseline Transformer-MoE. In particular, MoE-Mamba reaches the same performance as Mamba in $2.35\times$ fewer training steps while preserving the inference performance gains of Mamba against Transformer

Prediction of left ventricular function in patients after acute myocardial infarction treated with primary angioplasty

Background: Despite a substantial reduction in in-hospital mortality, the long-term outcomes of patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) remain uncertain. The main causes include progressive left ventricle (LV) remodelling and impaired LV systolic function with a decreased ejection fraction (EF). B-type natriuretic peptide testing has recently emerged as an innovative approach that might enhance the echocardiography-based risk stratification after STEMI. The aims of the study included long-term echocardiographic assessment of LV function and remodelling in patients with STEMI treated with PTCA. Additionally, evaluation of the N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) plasma level utility was performed to identify factors at patient discharge which would enable to predict LV dysfunction and remodelling after STEMI at 6-month follow-up. Methods: Echocardiography was performed in 98 patients at discharge and at 6-month follow-up. The diameters of the heart chambers and indices of LV systolic and diastolic function were measured. Plasma levels of NT-proBNP were measured before PTCA and at 6 months. Results: Primary PTCA successfully restored normal epicardial blood flow in the infarctrelated Artery (IRA) in 96 patients. At 6 months preserved LV systolic function (median EF 47.5%), decreased LV diastolic function with relaxation abnormalities (E/A < 1.0 and IVRT > 105 ms) and no significant increase in left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) were observed in study population. Multivariate analysis identified low baseline NT-proBNP level, low peak creatine phosphokinase (CPKmax) activity and high EF at discharge as powerful independent predictors of preserved EF at 6 months. LVEDD at discharge, baseline NT-proBNP level and CPKmax correlated with LVEDD at 6 months in the multiple regression model. In multivariate analysis a high NT-proBNP level on admission and low LVEDD at discharge were independent predictors of LVEDD change. Patient groups with reperfusion obtained 3.2 h from symptom onset (the median delay) did not differ with respect to IRA blood flow, infarct size assessed as CPKmax and LVEDD at 6 months. A significant increase in EF was noted only in patients with chest pain duration < 3.2 h. Time-to-treatment correlated with NT-proBNP level at 6 months. Conclusions: Successful primary PTCA in STEMI influences LV systolic function improvement and effectively prevents LV remodelling at the 6-month follow-up. Low baseline NT-proBNP, low CPKmax and high EF at discharge are powerful independent predictors of preserved EF after 6 months. A high NT-proBNP level on admission and low LVEDD at discharge predict a propensity for LV remodelling. A prolonged time-to-treatment of STEMI results in a lack of significant long-term improvement in LV systolic function and does not seem to have an impact on the occurrence of LV remodelling