Influence of projectile shape on dynamic behavior of steel sheet subjected to impact and perforation

Authors thank Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland for financial support under Grants: R00 0097 12. Authors thank also M. Tavian technician in electronics from ENIM for his contribution on the development of the residual velocity measurement sensors.The paper describes a work focused on the process of perforation of steel sheet.Experimental,analytical and numerical investigations have been carried out to analyze in details the perforation process.Based on these approaches,the ballistic properties of the material and the failure modes depending on the projectile nose shape(conical,blunt or hemispherical) have been studied.Different failure modes have been observed,including petaling, plug ejection and circumference necking.The special study about the number of petals has been done for different nose angles using conical shape projectiles.The complete energy balance is also reported and the absorbed energy by the steel sheet has been obtained by measuring initial and residual projectile velocities.A wide range of impact velocities from 35to180m/s has been covered during the tests.All the projectiles are 13mm in diameter and the plates are1mm thick.Moreover,the mass ratio(projectile mass/steel sheet mass) and the ratio between the span of the steel sheet and the diameter of the projectile are constant, equal to 0.38 and 3.85, respectively

Effect of projectile nose shape on ballistic resistance of interstitial-free steel sheets

In this paper an experimental and numerical work is reported concerning the process of perforation of thin steel plates using different projectile nose shapes. The main goal is to analyze how the projectile shape may change the ballistic properties of materials. A wide range of impact velocities from 35 to 180 m/s has been covered during the tests. All the projectiles were 13 mm in diameter and the targets were 1 mm thick, as such the projectile can be regarded as rigid and the target sheets were of interstitial-free (IF) steel. The mass ratio (projectile mass/steel sheet mass) and the ratio between the span of the steel sheet and the diameter of the projectile were kept constant, equal to 0.38 and 3.85 respectively. To define the thermoviscoplastic behavior of the target material, the Rusinek-Klepaczko (RK) constitutive model [1] was used. The complete identification of the material constants was done based on a rigorous material characterization. Numerical simulations of some experimental tests were carried out using a non-linear finite element code ABAQUS/Explicit. It was found that the numerical models are able to describe the physical mechanisms in the perforation process with a good accuracy.The National Centre of Research and Development under the grant WND-DEM-1-203/00

Ballistic behavior of steel sheet subjected to impact and perforation

The paper is reporting some comparisons between experimental and numerical results in terms of failure mode, failure time and ballistic properties of mild steel sheet. Several projectile shapes have been considered to take into account the stress triaxiality effect on the failure mode during impact, penetration and perforation. The initial and residual velocities as well as the failure time have been measured during the tests to estimate more physical quantities. It has to be noticed that the failure time was defined using a High Speed Camera (HSC). Thanks to it, the impact forces (average and maximum level), were analyzed using numerical simulations together with an analytical description coupled to experimental observations. The key point of the model is the consideration of a shape function to define the pulse loading during perforation

The effect of the orientation of cubical projectiles on the ballistic limit and failure mode of AA2024-T351 sheets

This paper presents the results of an investigation of the ballistic limits and failure modes of AA2024-T351 sheets impacted by cubical projectiles. The effect of cube orientation on the ballistic limit and failure modes was considered in detail. Three impact configurations were investigated. Configuration one, two and three considered face, edge or corner impacts correspondingly. The experimental results were complemented with finite element analysis results in order to explain the observations. The lowest ballistic limit (202 m/s) was observed when the cube edge impacted on the target. In the cube face impacts, the ballistic limit was higher (223 m/s), and the highest ballistic limit (254 m/s) was observed for the corner impact. Although the face impact did not have the lowest ballistic limit, this impact configuration resulted in the least amount of projectile energy loss for impacts above the ballistic limit. With the aid of finite element modelling, it was possible to develop a better understanding of the test results and explain that the observed differences in impact response were not just due to a difference in projectile frontal area, but also due to the combination of the localised deformation near the projectile impact point and the resulting global (dishing) deformation

Study of the dynamic behavior and thermoviscoplastic modeling of steel sheet subjected to ballistic impact

Ce travail de thèse a pour but de contribuer à l'étude du comportement thermomécanique des matériaux métalliques soumis à un impact balistique. Des études expérimentales, analytiques et numériques ont été réalisées pour analyser en détail le processus de perforation. Deux matériaux ont été étudiés au cours de ce travail : un acier doux ES et un acier IF. Dans un premier temps, des essais de caractérisation mécanique (traction et compression quasi-statique et dynamique) ont été réalisés en vue de la modélisation du comportement mécanique des matériaux étudiés. Les résultats montrent que l'acier doux ES et l'acier IF sont très sensibles à la vitesse de déformation. Deux modèles constitutifs, l'un empirique (Johnson-Cook) et l'autre semi-physique (Rusinek-Klepaczko) ont été utilisés pour modéliser le comportement thermoviscoplastique des matériaux. Une identification complète des constantes définissant les deux modèles a été réalisée pour chaque matériau en vue de l'implémentation des lois dans un code éléments finis pour la simulation numérique des essais d'impact et de perforation. Le comportement à l'impact des matériaux a ensuite été étudié. Les essais d'impact et de perforation ont été réalisés à l'aide d'un canon à gaz. L'influence de la géométrie du projectile, des propriétés mécaniques du matériau le constituant, de l'épaisseur de la cible et de sa configuration (sandwich ou monolithique) sur le processus de perforation a été analysée. Les résultats montrent que le mode de rupture, la limite balistique et la capacité d'absorption d'énergie de la cible métallique sont fortement liés à la forme du projectile utilisé. Il a été montré que les cibles métalliques monolithiques résistent mieux à la perforation que les configurations sandwichs (épaisseur totale inférieure ou égale à 4 mm). En outre, il a été trouvé que la limite balistique de la cible est fortement influencée par la rigidité du projectile utilisé. Enfin un modèle EF 3D a été développé permettant de simuler le comportement mécanique des cibles métalliques soumises à l'impact et à la perforation. Les résultats issus des prévisions numériques ont été comparés aux résultats expérimentaux. Il a été observé de façon globale un bon accord entre les prévisions numériques et l'expérience notamment en termes de courbes balistiques, d'énergie absorbée, de modes de rupture et de temps de rupture pour chaque type de projectile. Les résultats numériques montrent l'importance d'une description précise du comportement des matériaux dans les conditions dynamiques basée sur des expériences de laboratoire incluant les effets d'adoucissement thermique, d'écrouissage et de sensibilité à la vitesse de déformation, dans la modélisation numérique de processus physiquesThis thesis aims to contribute to the study of the thermo-mechanical behaviour of metallic materials subjected to ballistic impact. Experimental, analytical and numerical studies were performed to analyze in details the process of perforation. Two materials have been investigated in this work : mild steel ES and IF steel. As a first step, mechanical characterization tests (tensile and compression tests under quasi-static and dynamic conditions) As have been made towards to modeling the mechanical behaviour of the materials studied. The results show that mild steel ES and IF steel are highly susceptible to the strain rate. Two constitutive equations, one empirical (Johnson-Cook) and other semi-physical (Rusinek-Klepaczko) were used to model the thermoviscoplastic behaviour of materials. A complete identification of constants defining the two models was carried out for each material in order to implements the constitutive laws into a finite element code for the numerical simulation of impact and perforation tests. The behaviour of materials under impact was then examined. The effect of the projectile shape, the mechanical properties of the projectile material, the target thickness and it is configuration (monolithic or sandwich) on the perforation process was analyzed. The results show that the failure mode, the ballistic limit and the energy absorption power of the metal target are strongly related to the shape of the projectile used. It has been shown that the monolithic targets plates are more strong to be perforate than the sandwich configurations (total thickness less than or equal to 4 mm). In addition, it was found that the ballistic limit of the target is strongly influenced by the rigidity of the projectile used. Finally, a 3D FE model was developed to simulate the mechanical behaviour of metal targets subjected to ballistic impact. The results from the numerical predictions were compared with experiments. It has been observed globally a good agreement between the numerical predictions and experiments especially in terms of ballistic curves, energy absorbed, failure modes and failure time for each kind of projectile. The numerical results show the importance of an accurate description of materials behaviour under dynamic conditions based on laboratory experiments including thermal softening effects, strain hardening and strain rate sensitivity in numerical modeling of physical processe

Étude du comportement dynamique et modélisation thermoviscoplastique de nuances d'acier soumises à un impact balistique

This thesis aims to contribute to the study of the thermo-mechanical behaviour of metallic materials subjected to ballistic impact. Experimental, analytical and numerical studies were performed to analyze in details the process of perforation. Two materials have been investigated in this work : mild steel ES and IF steel. As a first step, mechanical characterization tests (tensile and compression tests under quasi-static and dynamic conditions) As have been made towards to modeling the mechanical behaviour of the materials studied. The results show that mild steel ES and IF steel are highly susceptible to the strain rate. Two constitutive equations, one empirical (Johnson-Cook) and other semi-physical (Rusinek-Klepaczko) were used to model the thermoviscoplastic behaviour of materials. A complete identification of constants defining the two models was carried out for each material in order to implements the constitutive laws into a finite element code for the numerical simulation of impact and perforation tests. The behaviour of materials under impact was then examined. The effect of the projectile shape, the mechanical properties of the projectile material, the target thickness and it is configuration (monolithic or sandwich) on the perforation process was analyzed. The results show that the failure mode, the ballistic limit and the energy absorption power of the metal target are strongly related to the shape of the projectile used. It has been shown that the monolithic targets plates are more strong to be perforate than the sandwich configurations (total thickness less than or equal to 4 mm). In addition, it was found that the ballistic limit of the target is strongly influenced by the rigidity of the projectile used. Finally, a 3D FE model was developed to simulate the mechanical behaviour of metal targets subjected to ballistic impact. The results from the numerical predictions were compared with experiments. It has been observed globally a good agreement between the numerical predictions and experiments especially in terms of ballistic curves, energy absorbed, failure modes and failure time for each kind of projectile. The numerical results show the importance of an accurate description of materials behaviour under dynamic conditions based on laboratory experiments including thermal softening effects, strain hardening and strain rate sensitivity in numerical modeling of physical processesCe travail de thèse a pour but de contribuer à l'étude du comportement thermomécanique des matériaux métalliques soumis à un impact balistique. Des études expérimentales, analytiques et numériques ont été réalisées pour analyser en détail le processus de perforation. Deux matériaux ont été étudiés au cours de ce travail : un acier doux ES et un acier IF. Dans un premier temps, des essais de caractérisation mécanique (traction et compression quasi-statique et dynamique) ont été réalisés en vue de la modélisation du comportement mécanique des matériaux étudiés. Les résultats montrent que l'acier doux ES et l'acier IF sont très sensibles à la vitesse de déformation. Deux modèles constitutifs, l'un empirique (Johnson-Cook) et l'autre semi-physique (Rusinek-Klepaczko) ont été utilisés pour modéliser le comportement thermoviscoplastique des matériaux. Une identification complète des constantes définissant les deux modèles a été réalisée pour chaque matériau en vue de l'implémentation des lois dans un code éléments finis pour la simulation numérique des essais d'impact et de perforation. Le comportement à l'impact des matériaux a ensuite été étudié. Les essais d'impact et de perforation ont été réalisés à l'aide d'un canon à gaz. L'influence de la géométrie du projectile, des propriétés mécaniques du matériau le constituant, de l'épaisseur de la cible et de sa configuration (sandwich ou monolithique) sur le processus de perforation a été analysée. Les résultats montrent que le mode de rupture, la limite balistique et la capacité d'absorption d'énergie de la cible métallique sont fortement liés à la forme du projectile utilisé. Il a été montré que les cibles métalliques monolithiques résistent mieux à la perforation que les configurations sandwichs (épaisseur totale inférieure ou égale à 4 mm). En outre, il a été trouvé que la limite balistique de la cible est fortement influencée par la rigidité du projectile utilisé. Enfin un modèle EF 3D a été développé permettant de simuler le comportement mécanique des cibles métalliques soumises à l'impact et à la perforation. Les résultats issus des prévisions numériques ont été comparés aux résultats expérimentaux. Il a été observé de façon globale un bon accord entre les prévisions numériques et l'expérience notamment en termes de courbes balistiques, d'énergie absorbée, de modes de rupture et de temps de rupture pour chaque type de projectile. Les résultats numériques montrent l'importance d'une description précise du comportement des matériaux dans les conditions dynamiques basée sur des expériences de laboratoire incluant les effets d'adoucissement thermique, d'écrouissage et de sensibilité à la vitesse de déformation, dans la modélisation numérique de processus physique

Étude du comportement dynamique et modélisation thermoviscoplastique de nuances d'acier soumises à un impact balistique

Ce travail de thèse a pour but de contribuer à l'étude du comportement thermomécanique des matériaux métalliques soumis à un impact balistique. Des études expérimentales, analytiques et numériques ont été réalisées pour analyser en détail le processus de perforation. Deux matériaux ont été étudiés au cours de ce travail : un acier doux ES et un acier IF. Dans un premier temps, des essais de caractérisation mécanique (traction et compression quasi-statique et dynamique) ont été réalisés en vue de la modélisation du comportement mécanique des matériaux étudiés. Les résultats montrent que l'acier doux ES et l'acier IF sont très sensibles à la vitesse de déformation. Deux modèles constitutifs, l'un empirique (Johnson-Cook) et l'autre semi-physique (Rusinek-Klepaczko) ont été utilisés pour modéliser le comportement thermoviscoplastique des matériaux. Une identification complète des constantes définissant les deux modèles a été réalisée pour chaque matériau en vue de l'implémentation des lois dans un code éléments finis pour la simulation numérique des essais d'impact et de perforation. Le comportement à l'impact des matériaux a ensuite été étudié. Les essais d'impact et de perforation ont été réalisés à l'aide d'un canon à gaz. L'influence de la géométrie du projectile, des propriétés mécaniques du matériau le constituant, de l'épaisseur de la cible et de sa configuration (sandwich ou monolithique) sur le processus de perforation a été analysée. Les résultats montrent que le mode de rupture, la limite balistique et la capacité d'absorption d'énergie de la cible métallique sont fortement liés à la forme du projectile utilisé. Il a été montré que les cibles métalliques monolithiques résistent mieux à la perforation que les configurations sandwichs (épaisseur totale inférieure ou égale à 4 mm). En outre, il a été trouvé que la limite balistique de la cible est fortement influencée par la rigidité du projectile utilisé. Enfin un modèle EF 3D a été développé permettant de simuler le comportement mécanique des cibles métalliques soumises à l'impact et à la perforation. Les résultats issus des prévisions numériques ont été comparés aux résultats expérimentaux. Il a été observé de façon globale un bon accord entre les prévisions numériques et l'expérience notamment en termes de courbes balistiques, d'énergie absorbée, de modes de rupture et de temps de rupture pour chaque type de projectile. Les résultats numériques montrent l'importance d'une description précise du comportement des matériaux dans les conditions dynamiques basée sur des expériences de laboratoire incluant les effets d'adoucissement thermique, d'écrouissage et de sensibilité à la vitesse de déformation, dans la modélisation numérique de processus physiquesThis thesis aims to contribute to the study of the thermo-mechanical behaviour of metallic materials subjected to ballistic impact. Experimental, analytical and numerical studies were performed to analyze in details the process of perforation. Two materials have been investigated in this work : mild steel ES and IF steel. As a first step, mechanical characterization tests (tensile and compression tests under quasi-static and dynamic conditions) As have been made towards to modeling the mechanical behaviour of the materials studied. The results show that mild steel ES and IF steel are highly susceptible to the strain rate. Two constitutive equations, one empirical (Johnson-Cook) and other semi-physical (Rusinek-Klepaczko) were used to model the thermoviscoplastic behaviour of materials. A complete identification of constants defining the two models was carried out for each material in order to implements the constitutive laws into a finite element code for the numerical simulation of impact and perforation tests. The behaviour of materials under impact was then examined. The effect of the projectile shape, the mechanical properties of the projectile material, the target thickness and it is configuration (monolithic or sandwich) on the perforation process was analyzed. The results show that the failure mode, the ballistic limit and the energy absorption power of the metal target are strongly related to the shape of the projectile used. It has been shown that the monolithic targets plates are more strong to be perforate than the sandwich configurations (total thickness less than or equal to 4 mm). In addition, it was found that the ballistic limit of the target is strongly influenced by the rigidity of the projectile used. Finally, a 3D FE model was developed to simulate the mechanical behaviour of metal targets subjected to ballistic impact. The results from the numerical predictions were compared with experiments. It has been observed globally a good agreement between the numerical predictions and experiments especially in terms of ballistic curves, energy absorbed, failure modes and failure time for each kind of projectile. The numerical results show the importance of an accurate description of materials behaviour under dynamic conditions based on laboratory experiments including thermal softening effects, strain hardening and strain rate sensitivity in numerical modeling of physical processesNANCY-INPL-Bib. électronique (545479901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Sheets impact simulation for safety guards design: experiments and correlation for FE Explicit models of non-alloy steel

Abstract In the last few years, some international standards for the safety of machine tools have been developed improving the ballistic protection of safety guards. The uncontrolled projection of parts of work piece or tools can often cause very dangerous perforations of the safety guards. In such a way specific experimental tests like the ones conducted in EU, have assured the possibility to write appendices of ISO standards for safety guards design of machine tools. These tests are based on impact between a particular standardized projectile, which exemplifies an impacting fragment of variable size and energy, and a flat plate placed in the trajectory of the projectile. The penetration or buckling of the target determines the non-suitability of a particular material of a given thickness, for the design and production of safety guards. However, these tests have following limitations: they are valid only for: a limited type of thickness and materials, a perpendicular impact with flat plates of about 500 mm x 500 mm and when the standardized penetrator is a cylinder with a prismatic head. Another limitation is based on design of real safety guards: difficulties in taking into account curved design of guards such as the ones typically used in the spindles of machine tools. Moreover, it is very difficult to take into account innovative materials different from the ones provided by the standards. It is also impossible to consider projected objects whose geometry is not regular, for example fragmented parts of tools, broken as a result of a wrong manoeuvre of the machine user. The focus of this paper is to give an overview of possible material models usable for FEM explicit virtual testing of safety guards. Correlation between experimental penetration of international standards and numerical tests will be presented as a proof of the possibility to implement reliable testing virtual procedures. It is possible to think of exploring the uncertainty of the standardized tests procedure due to, as an example, non-perpendicular impact of the projectile on the safety guard, using simulations