Спосіб автоматизованого перетворення частоти випромінювання в спектрогенераторах

Спосіб автоматизованого перетворення частоти випромінювання в електрогенераторах оснований на акумулюванні і перетворенні енергії випромінювання, причому як об'єкт трансформації використовують хвилі всього спектра випромінювання. Як робоче середовище використовують оптично активні речовини, які є придатними для реалізації ефекту Комптона. При цьому падаюче випромінювання за допомогою чутливих детекторів, антен, фотоприймачів і логічних елементів реєструють, аналізують спектральний склад випромінювання та здійснюють за рахунок зворотного зв'язку селекцію сигналів необхідної частоти відповідної енергії. Cелекцію довжини хвилі здійснюють в автоматичному режимі за допомогою комп'ютерної програми

Neuromagnetic activation and oscillatory dynamics of stimulus-locked processing during naturalistic viewing

Naturalistic stimuli such as watching a movie while in the scanner provide an ecologically valid paradigm that has the potential of extracting valuable information on how the brain processes complex stimuli in realistic visual and auditory contexts. Naturalistic viewing is also easier to conduct with challenging participant groups including patients and children. Given the high temporal resolution of MEG, in the present study, we demonstrate how a short movie clip can be used to map distinguishable activation and connectivity dynamics underlying the processing of specific classes of visual stimuli such as face and hand manipulations, as well as contrasting activation dynamics for auditory words and non-words. MEG data were collected from 22 healthy volunteers (6 females, 3 left handed, mean age – 27.7 ± 5.28 years) during the presentation of naturalistic audiovisual stimuli. The MEG data were split into trials with the onset of the stimuli belonging to classes of interest (words, non-words, faces, hand manipulations). Based on the components of the averaged sensor ERFs time-locked to the visual and auditory stimulus onset, four and three time-windows, respectively, were defined to explore brain activation dynamics. Pseudo-Z, defined as the ratio of the source-projected time-locked power to the projected noise power for each vertex, was computed and used as a proxy of time-locked brain activation. Statistical testing using the mean-centered Partial Least Squares analysis indicated periods where a given visual or auditory stimuli had higher activation. Based on peak pseudo-Z differences between the visual conditions, time-frequency resolved analyses were performed to assess beta band desynchronization in motor-related areas, and inter-trial phase synchronization between face processing areas. Our results provide the first evidence that activation and connectivity dynamics in canonical brain regions associated with the processing of particular classes of visual and auditory stimuli can be reliably mapped using MEG during presentation of naturalistic stimuli. Given the strength of MEG for brain mapping in temporal and frequency domains, the use of naturalistic stimuli may open new techniques in analyzing brain dynamics during ecologically valid sensation and perception

Neural activity underlying the detection of an object movement by an observer during forward self-motion: Dynamic decoding and temporal evolution of directional cortical connectivity.

Relatively little is known about how the human brain identifies movement of objects while the observer is also moving in the environment. This is, ecologically, one of the most fundamental motion processing problems, critical for survival. To study this problem, we used a task which involved nine textured spheres moving in depth, eight simulating the observer's forward motion while the ninth, the target, moved independently with a different speed towards or away from the observer. Capitalizing on the high temporal resolution of magnetoencephalography (MEG) we trained a Support Vector Classifier (SVC) using the sensor-level data to identify correct and incorrect responses. Using the same MEG data, we addressed the dynamics of cortical processes involved in the detection of the independently moving object and investigated whether we could obtain confirmatory evidence for the brain activity patterns used by the classifier. Our findings indicate that response correctness could be reliably predicted by the SVC, with the highest accuracy during the blank period after motion and preceding the response. The spatial distribution of the areas critical for the correct prediction was similar but not exclusive to areas underlying the evoked activity. Importantly, SVC identified frontal areas otherwise not detected with evoked activity that seem to be important for the successful performance in the task. Dynamic connectivity further supported the involvement of frontal and occipital-temporal areas during the task periods. This is the first study to dynamically map cortical areas using a fully data-driven approach in order to investigate the neural mechanisms involved in the detection of moving objects during observer's self-motion.R01 NS104585 - NINDS NIH HHS; U01 EB023820 - NIBIB NIH HHSPublished versio

Применение информационного моделирования при проектировании многоэтажного здания из блок-модулей

Received: 16.12.23. Revised: 25.12.23. Accepted: 29.12.23. Available online:17.01.24.The paper discusses features of employing BIM for designing modular building, using the Steel2Real'23 competition as a case study. The Steel2Real'23 student competition, organized by the Association for the Development of Steel Construction, seeks to enhance the usage of steel in construction. Modular construction is an emerging construction technology. However, a research gap is found concerning the practical usage of BIM in designing multistory modular construction buildings in Russia. The article performs comparative analysis of the various approaches for process of designing and highlights that have streamlined the work of architects and designers during planning and design phases. The conclusions emphasize the advantages of employing information modeling in modular construction and out-line the potential for its integration into contemporary design practices.В данной статье рассмотрены особенности проектирования зданий из модульных конструкций с применением BIM на примере задания, спроектированного для конкурса Steel2Real’23, организованного Ассоциацией Развития Стального строительства студентов ВУЗов с целью развития и популяризации применения стали в строительстве. В настоящее время модульное строительство является развивающейся технологией, но, при изучении материала, нами обнаружен недостаток информации в сфере применения BIM для проектирования многоэтажных модульных зданий в российской практике. В работе проведен сравнительных анализ разных подходов к проектированию, систематизирована информация об особенностях моделирования, приёмах, которые облегчили работу архитекторов и конструкторов на стадиях эскизного проекта и проектной документации. В выводах сформулированы преимущества использования информационного моделирования для модульного строительства и перспективы его применения в современной практике проектирования

Methods of communicative competence formation of future specialists in the field of law during the study of psychological and pedagogical disciplines

The article deals with methods of communicative competence future lawyer in the study of psychological and pedagogical disciplines

Sex differences in coordinated brain activity in clinical child populations

A disruption of normal brain development during early stages of life has been associated with higher male vulnerability expressed by male preponderance among affected individuals and/or more severe impairments in males for developmental disorders. Although this phenomenon is frequently acknowledged by the scientific community, its neurophysiological underpinnings remain largely unclear. In this thesis I investigate male vulnerability in very preterm children and individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Both clinical child populations entail early developmental adversity leading to behavioural and cognitive alterations, believed to be elicited, in part, by disrupted communication between brain areas. Therefore, I examine resting state whole-brain connectivity and its developmental changes in these clinical populations using fMRI and MEG and test the hypothesis of sex-specific connectivity differences between males and females resulting in male disadvantage. In the first study I investigate sex differences in interhemispheric homotopic connectivity and its developmental trajectories in participants with ASD as well as in typically developing individuals. Our findings demonstrate differences in developmental trajectories rather than connectivity. Both females and males with ASD deviate from typical female trajectories while expressing similar developmental trajectories to typical males. In the second study I examine local connectivity and its age-related changes using a similar cohort of participants. Group and sex differences are observed in both local connectivity and its developmental trajectories. Females with ASD are characterised by more robust alterations. Lastly, in the third study I test the hypothesis that male vulnerability in very preterm children can be detected as more pronounced alterations in inter-regional connectivity in boys compared to girls. Our results confirm this hypothesis suggesting that connectivity alterations might contribute to male disadvantage reflected in long-term behavioural and cognitive outcome. Overall, this thesis highlights that disruptions in brain connectivity and/or its developmental trajectories differ between males and females with altered early development supporting the existence of female protective features preventing females from developing pathological outcome

The model of multifunctional neural element of intelligent systems

The article shows the features of realization of multioperand processing in neural structures on the base of difference cuts, that allow to expand functional capabilities and to reduce time consumptions in neural processing. The structural organization of the parallel-pipeline processor for neural-like vector data processing on the DCs base are proposed. This parallel-pipeline processor on CPLD base are implemented, which allow realize neural chip with a fragment of the neural network layer

Strukturalne i czynnościowe zmiany zachodzące w mięśniu sercowym oraz ich związek z aktywnością fizyczną elitarnych piłkarzy nożnych

Background. The aim of the study was the evaluation of the structural and functional reorganization of the heart and their relationship with physical activity in elite football players. Material and methods. Characteristics of the myocardium and physical activity were studied using the Catapult Vector S7 GPS-sport telemetry system, “Polar” heart rate monitor, and echocardioscope. Results. Physical activity in the mode of high-speed running during games was found to contribute to an increase in playing activities of football players and structural and functional characteristics of the heart. A correlation (r=0.35-0.51; p=0.021-0.043) was obtained between the performance of football players, which was measured by distance, heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, stroke index, left ventricle mass. Statistically significant differences were found in the structural and functional characteristics of the myocardium: end-diastolic volume, endsystolic volume, stroke volume, stroke index, ejection fraction, myocardial contractility index, and left ventricle mass for groups of players with different gradations of distance in the mode of high-speed running. Conclusions. It was found that there is a relationship between the physical activities of highly qualified football players in the mode of speed running with the characteristics of the pumping function of the heart.Wprowadzenie. Celem pracy była analiza strukturalnych i czynnościowych zmian zachodzących w mięśniu sercowym oraz ich związku z aktywnością fizyczną elitarnych piłkarzy nożnych. Materiał i metody. Charakterystykę mięśnia sercowego oraz aktywność fizyczną badano przy użyciu systemu telemetrii sportowej GPS Catapult Vector S7, monitora tętna „Polar” oraz echokardiografii. Wyniki. Stwierdzono, że aktywność fizyczna w formie szybkiego biegu w trakcie gry przyczynia się do zwiększenia aktywności boiskowej piłkarzy nożnych oraz strukturalnych i czynnościowych zmian w mięśniu sercowym. Zaobserwowano korelację (r=0,35-0,51; p=0,021-0,043) pomiędzy wydolnością piłkarzy nożnych, którą mierzono długością dystansu, częstością skurczów serca, rzutem serca, objętością wyrzutową, wskaźnikiem objętości wyrzutowej oraz masą lewej komory serca. Stwierdzono istotne statystycznie różnice w strukturalnych i czynnościowych cechach mięśnia sercowego, tj. objętości końcoworozkurczowej i końcowoskurczowej, objętości wyrzutowej, wskaźniku objętości wyrzutowej, frakcji wyrzutowej, wskaźniku sercowym i masie lewej komory serca pomiędzy grupami zawodników o różnej długości dystansu przebytej w formie szybkiego biegu. Wnioski. Stwierdzono, że istnieje związek między aktywnością fizyczną w formie szybkiego biegu wysoko wykwalifikowanych piłkarzy nożnych a cechami funkcji pompującej serca

Reaktywność systemu transportu tlenu u elitarnych sportowców z różnymi indywidualnymi i typologicznymi właściwościami ich układów nerwowych

Background. The mechanisms of neurovegetative interaction of the functional reactivity of the oxygen transport system (OTS) and genetically determined typological properties of the central nervous system (CNS) were studied. Material and methods. The typological properties of the central nervous system of elite football players (32 individuals) were determined on the “Diagnost-1” neurodynamic complex. The reactivity of the OTS was investigated in a stepincreasing running speed test using the Jaeger Oxycon Mobile gas analyzer. Results. The dependence of the reactive properties of the OTS on the genetically determined functional mobility of nervous processes (FMNP) was established. Statistically significant higher indicators of blood stroke volume, carbon dioxide release rate (VСO2) and blood lactate (НLa) were found in the athletes with a higher level of FMNP than in individuals with a low degree of typological property (р=0.033-0.045). The athletes with low FRNP were characterized by statistically significant high values of heart rate (HR) and rate of oxygen uptake (VO2 max). The indicators of minute volumes of blood and respiration did not show statistically significant differences in groups of sportsmen with different gradations of FMNP (р=0.064-0.078). Conclusions. The theoretical model and mechanisms of interaction of the individual-typological property of FMNP with the functional reactivity of OTS and the possibility of using the results to evaluate the playing activity of football players were discussed.Wprowadzenie. Zbadano mechanizmy interakcji neurowegetatywnej funkcjonalnej reaktywności systemu transportu tlenu (ang. oxygen transport system – OTS) i określonych genetycznie właściwości typologicznych ośrodkowego układu nerwowego (OUN). Materiał i metody. Właściwości typologiczne ośrodkowego układu nerwowego elitarnych piłkarzy (32 osoby) zostały określone na kompleksie neurodynamicznym „Diagnost-1”. Reaktywność OTS została zbadana w teście stopniowego zwiększania prędkości biegu przy użyciu analizatora gazowego Jaeger Oxycon Mobile. Wyniki. Ustalono zależność reaktywnych właściwości OTS od uwarunkowanej genetycznie funkcjonalnej mobilności procesów nerwowych (FMNP). U sportowców z wyższym poziomem FMNP stwierdzono istotne statystycznie wyższe wskaźniki objętości wyrzutowej krwi, szybkości uwalniania dwutlenku węgla (VСO2) i mleczanu we krwi (НLa) niż u osób o niskim stopniu właściwości typologicznych (р=0,033-0,045). Sportowcy z niskim FRNP charakteryzowali się statystycznie istotnie wysokimi wartościami częstości akcji serca (HR) i szybkości poboru tlenu (VO2 max). Wskaźniki objętości minutowej krwi i oddychania nie wykazywały istotnych statystycznie różnic w grupach sportowców o różnej gradacji FMNP (р=0,064-0,078). Wnioski. Omówiono model teoretyczny i mechanizmy interakcji indywidualno-typologicznej właściwości FMNP z funkcjonalną reaktywnością OTS oraz możliwość wykorzystania wyników do oceny aktywności gry piłkarzy

Mapping neurodevelopment with sleep macro- and micro-architecture across multiple pediatric populations

Profiles of sleep duration and timing and corresponding electroencephalographic activity reflect brain changes that support cognitive and behavioral maturation and may provide practical markers for tracking typical and atypical neurodevelopment. To build and evaluate a sleep-based, quantitative metric of brain maturation, we used whole-night polysomnography data, initially from two large National Sleep Research Resource samples, spanning childhood and adolescence (total N = 4,013, aged 2.5 to 17.5 years): the Childhood Adenotonsillectomy Trial (CHAT), a research study of children with snoring without neurodevelopmental delay, and Nationwide Children’s Hospital (NCH) Sleep Databank, a pediatric sleep clinic cohort. Among children without neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD), sleep metrics derived from the electroencephalogram (EEG) displayed robust age-related changes consistently across datasets. During non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, spindles and slow oscillations further exhibited characteristic developmental patterns, with respect to their rate of occurrence, temporal coupling and morphology. Based on these metrics in NCH, we constructed a model to predict an individual's chronological age. The model performed with high accuracy (r = 0.93 in the held-out NCH sample and r = 0.85 in a second independent replication sample – the Pediatric Adenotonsillectomy Trial for Snoring (PATS)). EEG-based age predictions reflected clinically meaningful neurodevelopmental differences; for example, children with NDD showed greater variability in predicted age, and children with Down syndrome or intellectual disability had significantly younger brain age predictions (respectively, 2.1 and 0.8 years less than their chronological age) compared to age-matched non-NDD children. Overall, our results indicate that sleep architecture offers a sensitive window for characterizing brain maturation, suggesting the potential for scalable, objective sleep-based biomarkers to measure neurodevelopment