Seasonal distribution and ecology of some Dactylogyrus species infecting Alburnus alburnus and Carassius carassius (Osteichthyes: Cyprinidae) from Porsuk River, Turkey

In this research, gill parasites of two Cyprinid fish (Alburnus alburnus and Carassius carassius) from the upper basin of Porsuk river were studied. Fish samples were obtained monthly at intervals during 2003 to 2004. The intensity of infection was investigated depending on the parasite species, the years and seasons, and host fish species. Four Dactylogyrus species were identified in the gills of host fishes Dactylogyrus fraternus (Wegener, 1909), Dactylogyrus alatus (Linstow, 1878) and Dactylogyrus minutus (Kulwiec, 1927) on A. alburnus and D. minutus and Dactylogyrus anchoratus (Dujardin, 1845) on C. carassius. The prevalence, abundance and mean intensity of Dactylogyrus infection for each parasite species was determined as follow: D. fraternus (49.6%, 2.58 and 5.20), D. alatus (28.1%, 0.61 and 2.18) and D. minutus (35.1%, 1.61 and 4.61) in A. alburnus and D. minutus (40.5%, 1.00 and 2.49), D. anchoratus (37.6%, 0.38 and 4.63) in C. carassius. The highest intensity was recorded for D. fraternus while the lowest was recorded in D. alatus. However, no marked difference was recorded among the parasite species.Key words: Alburnus alburnus, Carassius carassius, Dactylogyrus fraternus, Dactylogyrus alatus, Dactylogyrus minutus, Dactylogyrus anchoratus, seasonal distribution

Neurological Complication Caused by Zika Virus: Guillain-Barré Syndrome

The Zika virus was given this name because it was first isolated in the Zika forests in Uganda. The Zika virus is a type of virus with the Flavivirus genome belonging to the family Falanridae. This virus has an icosohedral structure, enveloped and positive-polarity single-stranded RNA. The primary vector for the infection is mosquitoes. If it is a tropical region, Aedes is carried by aegypti mosquitoes; in temperate regions, it can also be carried by the Aedes albopictus mosquito. Apart from mosquito bites, it can also be transmitted from person to person, from mother to fetus, sexually, by blood transfusion and in cases of exposure in laboratory environment. The first major outbreak occurred in 2007 on the island of Yap in the southern Pacific Ocean, and during the study of cases it was confused with other viral diseases in diagnosing the Zika virus. Therefore, clinical manifestations need to be carefully determined. Looking at the clinical symptoms of Zika virus, it is fever, headache, retro-orbital pain, joint pain, chronic fatigue, weakness, myalgia, anorexia, rash, edema. The Zika virus has also been associated with neurological complications and has been shown to trigger Guillain-Barre Syndrome. Guillain-Barré Syndrome is an acute inflammatory polyneuropathy that can be seen at all ages. Those who know the most about its clinical manifestations are symmetrical muscle weakness and loss of deep tendon reflexes. If respiratory failure and autonomic involvement occur, it can be fatal for patients. Guillain-Barré Syndrome is a treatable disease. With advanced treatment methods, a complete recovery can be seen in patients. Due to the fact that it has a progressive clinic, the recovery process can be fast and positive for patients in early diagnosis. Today, with the appearance of Aedes mosquitoes that affect the transmission of Zika virus in our country, it is necessary to pay attention to the infection and neurological effects. In this review, the relationship between Zika virus and Guillain-Barre Syndrome is tried to be explained

COVID-19 and Neurological Complications

Coronavirus (covid-19) infection is an acute respiratory syndrome disease that started in 2019 and spread rapidly by undergoing continuous mutation. Thanks to this infection disease, which continues to show its effect all over the world, the structure of viruses has been discussed in more detail by virologists. Viruses are biological entities that can multiply within the living cell (host cell). While research on viruses continues, the modeling of covid-19 infection has begun. Thus, disorders such as encephalitis, Guillain Barre syndrome, which are neurological complications that occur as a result of acute respiratory syndrome, have been tried to be explained by the Renin angiotensin aldosterone system. The renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) has an important role in the regulation of blood pressure and the maintenance of extracellular fluid volume. In the RAAS system, ACE2 enzyme expression, which has an important role in the cell by taking on the task of exchanging substances from the outside to the inside, has been associated with COVID-19 severity and progression

The curative effect of low molecular weight heparins on histopathological score of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis model

Son yıllarda fokal segmental glomeruloskleroz (FSGS) çocuklarda son dönem böbrek yetmezliği nedenleri arasında daha yüksek oranda yer almaktadır. Bu hastalığın yan etkileri yüksek olan steroid tedavisine ve diğer tedavilere yanıtı iyi değildir. Bu araştırmada amacımız FSGS tedavisi için yeni, yan etkisi düşük, etkili tedavi seçeneği ortaya koyabilmek düşüncesi ile deneysel olarak ratlarda düşük molekül ağırlıklı heparinlerin FSGS'da histopatolojik ve klinik olarak yararlılığını araştırmaktır. Deney altışarlı olmak üzere dört grup ile yürütüldü. Kontrol grubu sağlıklı ratlardan, ADR grubu 7,5 mg/kg adriyamisin verilen, PADR grubu adriyamisinden iki hafta sonra 15 gün steroid (5 mg/kg prednizolon) tedavisi verilen ve PADR grubu adriyamisin verildikten iki hafta sonra 15 gün süre ile düşük molekül ağırlıklı heparin (fraksiparin sodyum 2 mg/kg/gün) verilen gruplardan oluşmutu. Deneyin başında, 16. ve 31. günlerde kanda kreatinin, üre, protein, albümin, trigliserid, kolesterol, 24 saatlik idrarda protein ve kreatinin çalışıldı. Sakrifikasyon 31. günde yapıldı ve böbrek dokuları histopatolojik olarak değerlendirildi. Gruplar arası farklar tek yönlü varyans analizi, zamana göre karşılaştırmalar iki yönlü varyans analizi, histopatolojik veriler Pearson ki-kare exact testi ile istatistiksel olarak değerlendirildi. Adriyamisin verdiğimiz doz ve sürede ratların büyümesi ve beslenmesi etkilendi, nefrotik sendrom kliniği proteinüri, hiperlipidemi, hipoalbüminemi 15. günde oluştu, fakat böbrek fonksiyonlarında bozulma olmadı. Histopatolojik olarak glomerüllerde nekroz, konjesyon ve Bowman kapsül aralığında genişleme ve tübül epitelinde nekroz ve dejenerasyon, tübül çapında genişleme ile mezangial kollajen III birikimi saptandı. Ancak glomerüllerde skleroz, interstisyel alanda fibrozis oluşmadı. Düşük molekül ağırlıklı heparin ile verilen sürede ratların büyümesi gözlenmedi, idrar 24 saatlik proteini azalmadı, hipoalbüminemi ve hiperlipidemi düzelmedi. DMAH'in glomerüllerde nekroz, konjesyon ve Bowman kapsül aralığında genişlemeyi, tübül epitelinde nekroz ve dejenerasyonu, tübül çapında genişlemenin oluşmasını ve mezangial kollajen III birikimini önlediği saptandı. Sonuç olarak düşük molekül ağırlıklı heparinlerin adriyamisinle oluşturulan nefropatide 15 günlük sürede nefrotik sendrom kliniğine etki etmediği fakat histopatoloji üzerine yararı olduğu görülmüştür.Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is one of the major causes of end-stage renal failure in children. The response of patients with FSGS to corticosteroids and other immunsuppressive therapies is poor. There is a need of a new, efficient therapeutic agent with limited adverse effects in FSGS. The aim of this study was to investigate the histopathological and clinical efficacy of low-molecular weight heparin in rats with experimentally-induced FSGS. The study consisted of 4 groups. Group ADR received adriamycin 7,5 mg/kg, group PADR received corticosteroids for 15 days two weeks after adriamycin administration, group HADR received low molecular weight heparin (fraxiparine sodium, 2 mg/kg/day, 15 days) two weeks after adriamycin administration and a control group involving healthy rats. Serum creatinine, urea, protein, albumin, trygliceride, cholesterol and daily urinary protein and creatinine were studied on days 0, 16 and 31. At day 31, all rats were sacrified and histopathological study of renal tissues was performed. Differences of the groups were established by univariate analysis, comparisons according to time by multivariate analysis and histopathological data by Pearson chi-square exact test. Data were presented as mean ' standard deviation; p<0.05 was accepted as significant. The growth and nutrition of rats were negatively affected and renal functions were preserved after administration of adriamycin. Signs of nephrotic syndrome as proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia and hyperlipidemia were observed at day 15. Likewise, histopathological examination revealed glomerular necrosis and congestion, enlargement of Bowman capsule, tubular necrosis, degeneration and enhancement, and mesangial collagen deposition; glomerular sclerosis and interstitial fibrosis were not seen. During the treatment period with low molecular weight heparin proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia and hyperlipidemia were not improved. However, in HADR and PADR groups glomerular necrosis and congestion, enlargement of Bowman capsule, tubular necrosis, degeneration and enhancement, and mesangial collagen deposition were similar to healthy control group.We conclude that low molecular weight heparin is beneficial on the histopathology of adriamycin-induced nephropathy

The Investigation of Some Morphological Characteristics of Forage Kochia Genotypes Determined Emergence Ratio

Forage kochia is a semi-shrub forage plant tolerant to drought, cold and soil salinity. In addition to being a quality feed source for livestock, with its ability to remain green in the dry feed period when other fodder plants dry up, it also offers the opportunity to fight wildfire during this season. Despite these advantages of forage kochia, the fact that it loses its seed viability in a brief time causes the restriction of the cultivation of this plant. For this reason, the seeds of three different forage kochia genotypes (C1, C2, M5) harvested in November 2018 and stored under room conditions were periodically sown at five different periods%253B the day after harvest, 4th months, 7th months, 10th months, and 13th months after harvest in greenhouse conditions. The study%252339%253Bs first objective was to determine the genotype with the most prolonged viable period of seed viability. At this study stage, the M5 genotype, sown 10th months after harvest, was recorded as the highest value with a 35.7%25 emergence ratio. The survey also obtained C1 and M5 genotypes that retained seed viability one year after harvest. In the second phase of the study, plants showing emergence were planted in the field conditions in November 2020, and plant height, canopy diameter, stem diameter, leaf length, leaf width, leaf color, and hairiness of the plants were examined throughout 2021 and 2022. When the averages of the two-year data were analyzed, it was determined that genotype C1 had the highest plant height with 105 cm when sown 13th months after harvest. Although the genotype M5, which was also sown in this period, had the shortest plant height with a plant height of 42.5 cm, it can be stated that this genotype also had the darkest leaf color (Scoring 7.25%253B 1%253A Red-Grey, 3%253A Grayish Green, 5%253A Bluish Green, 7%253A Green, 9%253A Dark Green). As a result of the study, it can be stated that C1 and M5 genotypes, which were sown 13th months after harvest, stand out from the other genotypes in terms of their long seed viability period and morphological characteristics for use as a gene resource in forage kochia breeding

Farklı İBA konsantrasyonları ve bekletme sürelerinde bozkır otu çeliklerinin çoğaltılması

Forage kochia, a subshrub forage plant, grows naturally in the pastures of dry areas in Turkey. Their seeds grow slowly in nature, and being short duration of seed viability could be caused by limitations on the cultivation of forage kochia in Turkey. Forage kochia seedlings can be produced serially quickly with cutting propagation as vegetation propagation method. Therefore, forage kochia cuttings were exposed to 12 different IBA concentrations (250, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 10000, and 15000 mg kg-1 ) at four holding times (5, 30, 180, and 900 s) in this research carried out Completely Randomized Design in the greenhouse. We investigated the percentage of rooting, the number of the root, shoot and root length, shoot and root weight, dry root weight, and leave yellowing of these cutting. The best developments in the percentage of rooting (100%), number of roots (> 7), shoot length (> 20 cm), root length (>10 cm), root weight (>0.60 g), dry root weight (>0.1 g) and leave yellowing (score >1.60) were obtained from 500 mg kg-1 IBA at 900 s, 5000 mg kg-1 IBA at 180 s, and 10000 mg kg-1 IBA at 5 s interactions. As a result, we advised 500 mg kg-1 IBA at 900 s, 5000 mg kg-1 IBA at 180 s and 10000 mg kg-1 IBA at 5 s for the quick and economically cutting propagation of forage kochia.Yarı çalı bir yem bitkisi olan bozkır otu, Türkiye’nin kurak alanlarındaki meralarda doğal olarak yetişmektedir. Bozkır otunun doğada tohum ile büyümesi çok yavaş ve tohum canlılığı süresinin kısa olması ülkemizde bozkır otu tarımında kısıtlamaya neden olmaktadır. Vejetatif çoğaltma yöntemi olarak çelikle çoğaltma ile bozkır otu fidesi daha kısa sürede seri bir şekilde üretilebilir. Bu sebeple, Tesadüf Parselleri Deneme Desenine göre serada yürütülen bu çalışmada 4 adet sürede (5, 30, 180 ve 900 s) ve 12 farklı IBA konsantrasyonlarına (250, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 10000 ve 15000 mg kg-1 ) bozkır otu çelikleri maruz bırakıldı. Bu çeliklerin köklenme yüzdesi, kök sayısı, fide ve kök uzunluğu, yaş fide ve kök ağırlığı, kuru kök ağırlığı ve yaprak sararması incelenmiştir. Çeliklerde köklenme yüzdesi (%100), kök sayısı (>7 adet), fide uzunluğu (>20 cm), kök uzunluğu (>10 cm), kök ağırlığı (>0.60 g), kuru kök ağırlığı (>0.1 g) ve yaprak sararması (Skor >1.60) açısından en iyi gelişim 900 saniyede 500 mg kg-1 IBA, 180 saniyede 5.000 mg kg-1 IBA ve 5 saniyede 10.000 mg kg-1 IBA konsantrasyonlarından elde edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak bozkır otunun ekonomik ve hızlı bir şekilde çelikle çoğaltılması için 900 saniyede 500 mg kg-1 IBA, 180 saniyede 5.000 mg kg-1 IBA ve 5 saniyede 10.000 mg kg-1 IBA konsantrasyonları önerilmektedir

Women Health and Psychological Functioning in Different Periods of Life: Evaluation of Nursing Approach

World Health Organization describes health as the state of being completely fine corporally, socially and psychologically. The state of being completely fine which is indicated in this description of health has been criticised by many scientists and with the idea that noone shall ever realise tha state of being completely fine corporally and psychologically, it was emphasized that individuals could be evaluated to be “healthy” as long as they are productive. Starting from the intrauterine period, woman passes through different periods such as childhood, adolescence, adulthood, elderliness and she experiences some physical, psychological and social differences in each of these periods within the frame of life cycle. While these differences influence productivities and life qualities of women negatively, they also make them more inclined to psychiatric illnesses. Therefore, psychological problems are more common among women and they last longer. Considering the fact that among the medical personnel, it is the nurses who spend time with patients during the phases of diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation the most, it could be said that nurses have a significant role in intervening in problems that affect the psychological health of woman. The nurse has responsibilities such as determining the problem the woman goes through, providing protective care, getting an early diagnosis, making the convenient remedial intervention and consigning, when necessary. In this article, significant woman health problems that could be experienced starting from the intrauterine life until the end of life by woman, the effects of this problem to the psychological health of the woman and nursing approaches in view of these problems are discussed