Emerging role of the pentose phosphate pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma

In recent years, there has been a revival of interest in metabolic changes of cancer cells as it has been noticed that malignant transformation and metabolic reprogramming are closely intertwined. The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is one of the fundamental components of cellular metabolism crucial for cancer cells. This review will discuss recent findings regarding the involvement of PPP enzymes in several types of cancer, with a focus on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We will pay considerable attention to the involvement of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, the rate-limiting enzyme of the PPP. Subsequently, we discuss the inhibition of the PPP as a potential therapeutic strategy against cancer, in particular, HCC

Role of acid episodes in offsetting the recovery of streams from acidification

6. These data illustrate that acid episodes still affect stream organisms in spite of continued recovery in air and water quality and this may be a sufficient explanation for slow biological recovery in many locations. Episodic effects may impose important controls on organisms as recovering sites reach the base-flow pH range 5.5-7. The strongest recommendation is for better understanding and monitoring of the hydrochemistry and biological effects of acid episodes as acid deposition abates

The quest for "diagnostically lossless" medical image compression using objective image quality measures

Given the explosive growth of digital image data being generated, medical communities worldwide have recognized the need for increasingly efficient methods of storage, display and transmission of medical images. For this reason lossy image compression is inevitable. Furthermore, it is absolutely essential to be able to determine the degree to which a medical image can be compressed before its “diagnostic quality” is compromised. This work aims to achieve “diagnostically lossless compression”, i.e., compression with no loss in visual quality nor diagnostic accuracy. Recent research by Koff et al. has shown that at higher compression levels lossy JPEG is more effective than JPEG2000 in some cases of brain and abdominal CT images. We have investigated the effects of the sharp skull edges in CT neuro images on JPEG and JPEG 2000 lossy compression. We provide an explanation why JPEG performs better than JPEG2000 for certain types of CT images. Another aspect of this study is primarily concerned with improved methods of assessing the diagnostic quality of compressed medical images. In this study, we have compared the performances of structural similarity (SSIM) index, mean squared error (MSE), compression ratio and JPEG quality factor, based on the data collected in a subjective experiment involving radiologists. An receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Kolmogorov-Smirnov analyses indicate that compression ratio is not always a good indicator of visual quality. Moreover, SSIM demonstrates the best performance. We have also shown that a weighted Youden index can provide SSIM and MSE thresholds for acceptable compression. We have also proposed two approaches of modifying L2-based approximations so that they conform to Weber’s model of perception. We show that the imposition of a condition of perceptual invariance in greyscale space according to Weber’s model leads to the unique (unnormalized) measure with density function ρ(t) = 1/t. This result implies that the logarithmic L1 distance is the most natural “Weberized” image metric. We provide numerical implementations of the intensity-weighted approximation methods for natural and medical images

Geotouristic values of the Chochołowska Valley (Tatra Mountains, Poland) and their accessibility for people with physical disabilities

The purpose of this contribution is to present the geotourist path in the Chochołowska Valley for the disabled with limited mobility, as well as for the elderly. The Chochołowska Valley is the most westward valley in the Polish Tatra Mountains (Western Tatras). It is the longest and largest valley in the Polish Tatra Mountains, with an area of 35 km2 and 10 km in length. The highest peak located in the Chochołowska Valley is the Starorobociański Wierch at 2176 m a.s.l. The altitude at the end of the valley around Siwa Polana, is about 900 m a.s.l. (from 910 m a.s.l. to 920 m a.s.l.). At the Polana Huciska, where the geotoursit path ends, the altitude is about 1000 m a.s.l. The length of the path is 3.5 km, and the altitude difference over this distance is 100 meters. The Chochołowska Valley is developed in sedimentary rocks (limestones, marls, dolomites), belonging to two nappes: Choč Nappe (e.g. Siwiańskie Turnie outcrop) and Križna Nappe (e.g. Niżna Brama Chochołowska Rock Gate). The valley administratively belongs to the Witów village. A green tourist trail was marked through the valley. It start from the Siwa Polana to the mountain hut named after John Paul II on Polana Chochołowska. An asphalt road is from Siwa Polana to the Polana Huciska. The Chochołowska Valley is one of the most beautiful Tatra valleys with numerous rock outcrops and is considered to have a high geotouristic potential. The proposed geotourist path includes selected outcrops, which can be easily accessed by people with limited mobility, including people in wheelchairs. This path runs along a wide asphalt road, and any additional equipment (e.g. a freewheel for wheelchairs) is not required. A large car parking lot is available at the beginning of the proposed path (Siwa Polana), as well as sanitary and catering facilities

Wpływ prądów TENS średniej częstotliwości na czynność bioelektyczną mięśni prostowników nadgarstka = The influence of mid-frequency TENS currents on bioelectrical activity of the wrist extensor muscles

Srokowski Grzegorz, Piekorz Zuzanna, Siedlaczek Marcin, Kowalik Tomasz, Paduch Daria, Srokowska Anna, Zukow Walery. Wpływ prądów TENS średniej częstotliwości na czynność bioelektyczną mięśni prostowników nadgarstka = The influence of mid-frequency TENS currents on bioelectrical activity of the wrist extensor muscles. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(9):768-791. ISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.44371http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%289%29%3A768-791https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/688573Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011–2014http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Deklaracja.Specyfika i zawartość merytoryczna czasopisma nie ulega zmianie.Zgodnie z informacją MNiSW z dnia 2 czerwca 2014 r., że w roku 2014 nie będzie przeprowadzana ocena czasopism naukowych; czasopismo o zmienionym tytule otrzymuje tyle samo punktów co na wykazie czasopism naukowych z dnia 31 grudnia 2014 r.The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 1089. (31.12.2014).© The Author (s) 2015;This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, PolandOpen Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercialuse, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.Received: 25.08.2015. Revised 25.09.2015. Accepted: 30.09.2015. Wpływ prądów TENS średniej częstotliwości na czynność bioelektyczną mięśni prostowników nadgarstkaThe influence of mid-frequency TENS currents on bioelectrical activity of the wrist extensor muscles Grzegorz Srokowski1, Zuzanna Piekorz1, Marcin Siedlaczek1, Tomasz Kowalik2, Daria Paduch1, Anna Srokowska2, Walery Zukow3 1.       Katedra Fizjoterapii Zakład Kinezyterapii i Masażu Leczniczego, UMK w Toruniu CM im. L. Rydygiera w Bydgoszczy, ul. Techników 3, 85- 000 Bydgoszcz2.       Katedra i Zakład Podstaw Kultury Fizycznej, UMK w Toruniu CM im. L. Rydygiera w Bydgoszczy, ul. Świętojańska 20, 85- 077 Bydgoszcz3.       Wydział Kultury Fizycznej, Zdrowia i Turystyki, Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy Korespondencja:Grzegorz Srokowski, Katedra Fizjoterapii Zakład Kinezyterapii i Masażu Leczniczego, UMK w Toruniu CM im. L. Rydygiera w Bydgoszczy, ul. Techników 3 85 - 810 Bydgoszcz, [email protected] Anna Srokowska, Katedra i Zakład Podstaw Kultury Fizycznej, UMK w Toruniu CM im. L. Rydygiera w Bydgoszczy, ul. Świętojańska 20, 85 - 077 Bydgoszcz, [email protected]  StreszczenieWstęp: W świecie dynamicznego rozwoju techniki i nauki, z których człowiek czerpie wiele korzyści, łatwo jest spotkać na drodze przeszkody, które są zagrożeniem dla naszego zdrowia oraz prawidłowego funkcjonowania.Cel pracy: Istotnym problemem badawczym jest wpływ poszczególnych zabiegów fizykalnych na konkretną grupę mięśniową. Dzięki badaniom za pomocą EMG możemy skutecznie ocenić skutki terapii po zastosowaniu prądów TENS średniej częstotliwości. Celem pracy była analiza  z wykorzystaniem EMG, wpływu prądów TENS średniej częstotliwości na czynność bioelektryczną mięśni prostowników nadgarstka. Wyniki badań własnych: Szczegółowe wyniki przeprowadzonych badań przedstawiono w tabelach i zilustrowano wykresami.Materiał i metoda: W badaniach uczestniczyło 19 osób, które nie zgłosiły większych dolegliwości ze strony badanej grupy mięśniowej. W grupie badawczej uczestniczy zarówno kobiety jak i mężczyźni. Głównym narzędziem badawczym, które pozwoliło na analizę badań był pomiar za pomocą EMG,  gdzie została oceniona czynność bioelektryczna (rónica potencjałów) mięśni w spoczynku, podczas skurczu koncentrycznego w ruchu zgięcia grzbietowego nadgarstka oraz wykonanie próby maksymalnego skurczu dowolnego MVC. Analiza zapisu EMG mięśnia prostownika promieniowego nadgarstka oraz prostownika łokciowego nadgarstka wykazała spadek częstotliwości wyładowań bioelektrycznych mięśnia pod wpływem działania prądów TENS średniej częstotliwości.Wnioski1. Analiza zapisu EMG mięśnia prostownika promieniowego nadgarstka oraz prostownika łokciowego nadgarstka wykazała spadek częstotliwości wyładowań bioelektrycznych mięśnia pod wpływem działania prądów TENS średniej częstotliwości. Badanie to pozwala na obiektywne udokumentowani aktywności mięśni zaangażowanych w ruch podczas czynności funkcjonalnych.2. Kinezjologiczne EMG pozwala na szybką i skuteczną możliwość weryfikacji działania prądów TENS podczas postępowania rehabilitacyjnego, jest skuteczną metodą terapeutyczną. Słowa klucze: elektrostymulacja, TENS, EMG.  AbstractIntroduction: In the world with dynamic progress in technology and science where human is taking a lot benefits. Its easy to meet on our way obstacles which are dangerous for our health and proper functioning of the body.The aim of the study: Main problem of research is influence invidual physical treatments on specific group of muscles. Because of surveys where we are using EMG we can successfully judge effects of therapy after we used currents TENS with midium frequency. Purpose of my thesis was analysis influence of currents TENS with midium frequency on bioelectric function of muscles rectifiers wrist.Material and methods: In reasearch took part 19 people, which didn't say anything about disorder with tested group of musles. In this group took part women and mans. The main instrument which allowed for analysis researches was survey with help EMG where we valued bioelectric function (potentials difference) not active muscles during concentrix contraction astir tergal flexion of wrist and make test of maximum any contraction - MVC. Analysis of record sEMG muscle rectifier radial of wrist and muscle rectifier cubital of wrist showed decrease in frequency bioelectric dischargers of muscle because of work currents TENS with midium frequency.Results of the study: The detailed results of the study are presented in tables and illustrated on the graphsConclusions:1. Analysis of the ECG radial wrist extensor muscle and ulnaris showed a decrease in firing rate of bioelectric muscle under the influence of currents of medium frequency TENS. This study allows for an objective document activity involved in muscle movement during functional activities.2. Kinesiology EMG allows for quick and effective action possible to verify TENS currents during the rehabilitation procedure, it is an effective therapeutic method. Key words: electrostimulation, TENS, EMG

Zgodność pomiędzy wynikami testu FMS a częstością występowania kontuzji u siatkarek na przykładzie drużyny II ligowej = The consistency between the FMS test results and the frequency of injuries in II league female volleyball players

Siedlaczek Marcin, Srokowski Grzegorz, Łukasiewicz Hanna, Srokowska Anna, Kowalik Tomasz, Piekorz Zuzanna, Zukow Walery. Zgodność pomiędzy wynikami testu FMS a częstością występowania kontuzji u siatkarek na przykładzie drużyny II ligowej = The consistency between the FMS test results and the frequency of injuries in II league female volleyball players. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(8):529-539. ISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.44362http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%288%29%3A529-539https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/688455Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011–2014http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Deklaracja.Specyfika i zawartość merytoryczna czasopisma nie ulega zmianie.Zgodnie z informacją MNiSW z dnia 2 czerwca 2014 r., że w roku 2014 nie będzie przeprowadzana ocena czasopism naukowych; czasopismo o zmienionym tytule otrzymuje tyle samo punktów co na wykazie czasopism naukowych z dnia 31 grudnia 2014 r.The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 1089. (31.12.2014).© The Author (s) 2015;This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, PolandOpen Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercialuse, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.Received: 26.07.2015. Revised 05.08.2015. Accepted: 25.08.2015. Zgodność pomiędzy wynikami testu FMS a częstością występowania kontuzji u siatkarek na przykładzie drużyny II ligowejThe consistency between the FMS test results and the frequency of injuries in II league female volleyball players Marcin Siedlaczek1, Grzegorz Srokowski1, Hanna Łukasiewicz2, Anna Srokowska2, Tomasz Kowalik2, Zuzanna Piekorz1, Walery Zukow3 1. Katedra Fizjoterapii, Zakład Kinezyterapii i Masażu Leczniczego, UMK w Toruniu CM im. L. Rydygiera w Bydgoszczy, ul. Techników 3, 85- 801 Bydgoszcz2. Katedra i Zakład Podstaw Kultury Fizycznej, UMK w Toruniu CM im. L. Rydygiera w Bydgoszczy, ul. Świętojańska 20, 85- 077 Bydgoszcz3. Wydział Kultury Fizycznej, Zdrowia i Turystyki, Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy, Bydgoszcz  Adres do korespondencji: Marcin Siedlaczek, Katedra Fizjoterapii Zakład Kinezyterapii i Masażu Leczniczego, UMK w Toruniu CM im. L. Rydygiera w Bydgoszczy, ul. Techników 3  Bydgoszcz, [email protected] Grzegorz Srokowski, Katedra Fizjoterapii Zakład Kinezyterapii i Masażu Leczniczego, UMK w Toruniu CM im. L. Rydygiera w Bydgoszczy, ul. Techników 3 Bydgoszcz [email protected] Słowa kluczowe: FMS, siatkówka, urazy.Key words: FMS, volleyball, injury. SummaryIntroduction and aim of the study:            Volleyball is a team sport in which the results consist of a large number of factors. The risk of injury for daily training is very high. Volleyball is also an asymmetric sport, which further increases the risk of injury. Simple screening test, which is Functional Movement Screen, will reduce this risk, so I think that a lot of clubs will decide to implement of it.The main aim of this study is to present and compare the results of the functional assessment of motor and susceptibility to injury in female volleyball players and their interplay with injuries which happened in the last three years. Aim of the study was carried out based on the study material comprising a group of 15 women, practicing volleyball professionally. The research group age was between of 20-35 years.Material and Method:            Functional Movement Screen- functional screening was the research method.  It is using the seven tests which can assess the patient's/athlete’s basic movement patterns. All motion tasks are assessed on a scale 0 to 3. The players also filled the questionnaire.Results:Maximum disturbance revealed deep squat test. The smallest disorders showed shoulder mobility test for the left hand and in line lunge test for the left leg. Three of the five single limb tests showed asymmetry: hurdle step, deep squat, shoulder mobility. 53% of players have experienced a serious injury in the last three seasons.  The two players with the highest number of FMS points have not been seriously injured so far.Discussion and Conclusion:The consistency between the FMS test results and the frequency of injuries in II league female volleyball players was different, then in other studies.  For the participants deep squat was the most difficult test, over 50% of players had painful knees, average points in FMS test was 14,73

Nadwaga a płaskostopie u dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym – raport z badań = Overweight and flat feet in children of preschool age – research report

Srokowska Anna, Piernicka Dorota, Lewandowski Andrzej, Kowalik Tomasz, Siedlaczek Marcin, Srokowski Grzegorz, Radzimińska Agnieszka. Nadwaga a płaskostopie u dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym – raport z badań = Overweight and flat feet in children of preschool age – research report. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(4):380-404. ISSN 2391-8306. DOI10.5281/zenodo.30565http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.30565http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%284%29%3A380-404https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/620754Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011–2014http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Deklaracja.Specyfika i zawartość merytoryczna czasopisma nie ulega zmianie.Zgodnie z informacją MNiSW z dnia 2 czerwca 2014 r., że w roku 2014 nie będzie przeprowadzana ocena czasopism naukowych; czasopismo o zmienionym tytule otrzymuje tyle samo punktów co na wykazie czasopism naukowych z dnia 31 grudnia 2014 r.The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 1089. (31.12.2014).© The Author (s) 2015;This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, PolandOpen Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercialuse, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.Received: 25.03.2015. Revised 05.04.2015. Accepted: 06.04.2015. Nadwaga a płaskostopie u dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym – raport z badańOverweight and flat feet in children of preschool age – research report 1Anna Srokowska, 2Dorota Piernicka, 1Andrzej Lewandowski, 1Tomasz Kowalik, 2Marcin Siedlaczek, 2Grzegorz Srokowski, 2Agnieszka Radzimińska 1Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu Collegium Medicum w Bydgoszczy, Katedra i Zakład Podstaw Kultury Fizycznej, Bydgoszcz, Polska2Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu Collegium Medicum w Bydgoszczy, Katedra Fizjoterapii, Bydgoszcz, Polska  Adres do korespondencji: mgr Anna Srokowska, Katedra i Zakład Podstaw Kultury Fizycznej UMK w Toruniu Collegium Medicum im. L. Rydygiera w Bydgoszczy,ul. Świętojańska 20, 85-077 Bydgoszcz, tel. 600341155, e-mail [email protected] Słowa kluczowe: nadwaga, płaskostopie, dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym, różnice, zależności. StreszczenieStopa stanowi bardzo ważny element anatomiczny w ciele człowieka ze względu na swoją funkcję podporowo-nośną. Płaskostopie to wada postawy, która często występuje wśród dzieci, co uwidacznia się podczas badań przesiewowych.  Za jedną z przyczyn płaskostopia podaje się obciążenie układu kostno-stawowego nadmierną masą ciała.Celem pracy jest ocena zależności podwyższonego wskaźnika BMI i płaskostopia u dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym.Badaniem objęte zostały dzieci w wieku od 3 do 6 lat z Niepublicznych Przedszkoli „Tęcza” i „Ludzikowo” w Bydgoszczy. Grupa badawcza składała się z 95 dzieci (45 dziewczynek i 50 chłopców). Badania rozpoczęto pomiarami wskaźnika względnej masy ciała BMI. Kolejnym etapem była ocena stanu wysklepienia stóp badanych dzieci, zarówno wysklepienia podłużnego jak i poprzecznego. Pomiary kątów Clarke'a i Wejsfloga umożliwiły odpowiednią klasyfikację. Narzędziem badawczym był tradycyjny podoskop oraz nowoczesne urządzenie RSscan International Footscan.Podwyższone BMI wystąpiło w grupie badawczej jedynie w 6%. Płaskostopie zaś stwierdzono u ponad 1/3 badanych.Uzyskane wyniki badań ze względu na mały odsetek osób z nadwagą i otyłością nie pozwoliły na jednoznaczne powiązanie występowania płaskostopia i zwiększonego wskaźnika BMI. Keywords:, overweight, flat feet, children of preschool age, differences, depending on. AbstractFoot forms the basis of the human anatomy owing to its supporting function. Flat feet is a defect in a posture that is fairly common amongst children and it is shown during health screening. One of the reasons for flat feet is administered load on the bone - joint excess body weight.The main aim of the thesis is to evaluate the relations between elevated BMI and structure of the preschooler's foot. The research spanned children aged between 3 and 6 of non-public nursery ''Tęcza'' and "Ludzikowo" in Bydgoszcz. The experimental group consisted of 95 children (45 girls and 50 boys). The researchers began with measurements of relative body mass index BMI. The next step was to asses the full extent of the children's fallen arches both longitudinal and transverse. The measurement of Clark's and Wejsflog's angles allowed appropriate classification. The research tool included a traditional podoscope and modern device RSscan International Footscan.The percentage of elevated BMI that occurred was six per cent. Flat feet was found in more than one-third of the respondents.Due to the fact that the results concluded small percentage of people with overweight and obesity there is no claim to relate the prevalence of flat feet to an increased BMI

Combining Geostatistics and Remote Sensing Data to Improve Spatiotemporal Analysis of Precipitation

The wide availability of satellite data from many distributors in different domains of science has provided the opportunity for the development of new and improved methodologies to aid the analysis of environmental problems and to support more reliable estimations and forecasts. Moreover, the rapid development of specialized technologies in satellite instruments provides the opportunity to obtain a wide spectrum of various measurements. The purpose of this research is to use publicly available remote sensing product data computed from geostationary, polar and near-polar satellites and radar to improve space–time modeling and prediction of precipitation on Crete island in Greece. The proposed space–time kriging method carries out the fusion of remote sensing data with data from ground stations that monitor precipitation during the hydrological period 2009/10–2017/18. Precipitation observations are useful for water resources, flood and drought management studies. However, monitoring stations are usually sparse in regions with complex terrain, are clustered in valleys, and often have missing data. Satellite precipitation data are an attractive alternative to observations. The fusion of the datasets in terms of the space–time residual kriging method exploits the auxiliary satellite information and aids in the accurate and reliable estimation of precipitation rates at ungauged locations. In addition, it represents an alternative option for the improved modeling of precipitation variations in space and time. The obtained results were compared with the outcomes of similar works in the study area