Prevention of occurrence of selected mycotoxins in feed warehouse for milking cows

The aim of this work was to examine the presence of Fusarium toxins in feed for milking cows in summer and winter. Food samples for milking cows were sampled from a cow farm in the vicinity of Nikšić, Montenegro, in winter and summer. The determined concentrations of the examined mycotoxins in the food samples for feeding milking cows were lower than the maximum allowed concentrations prescribed by the Regular Acts of Montenegro. The obtained results indicate that there was no significant difference in the concentrations of the tested mycotoxins in the food for feeding milking cows during the summer and winter periods, which suggests that with good production and storage practices, food can be protected from mycotoxicological contamination, and cow's milk and meat

Multimodeling Control via System Balancing

A new approach in multimodeling strategy is proposed. Multimodel strategies in which control agents use different simplified models of the same system are being developed using balancing transformation and the corresponding order reduction concepts. Traditionally, the multimodeling concept was studied using the ideas of multitime scales (singular perturbations) and weak subsystem coupling. For all reduced-order models obtained, a Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) control problem was solved. Different order reduction techniques were compared based on the values of the optimized criteria for the closed-loop case where the full-order balanced model utilizes regulators calculated to be the optimal for various reduced-order models. The results obtained were demonstrated on a real-world example: a multiarea power system consisting of two identical areas, that is, two identical power plants

The system order reduction via balancing in view of the method of singular perturbation

U radu je predstavljeno nekoliko tehnika za redukciju reda sistema, poznatih iz literature, koje su sve zasnovane na uravnoteženju sistema uz primenu metode singularnih perturbacija. Ove tehnike imaju istu robusnost tačnosti izračunatu u skladu sa H∞ normom sistema redukovanog reda kao i dve tehnike poznate pod nazivom direktno odsecanje i metod balansirane rezidualizacije. Modifikacija ovih tehnika zadržava tačnu vrednost pojačanja jednosmernog signala kakva je kod originalnog sistema i daje aproksimaciju od veoma dobre do odlične tačnosti na nižim i srednjim učestanostima. Efikasnost prikazanih tehnika za redukciju reda modela data je na realnom primeru.This paper presents several techniques for system order reduction, known from literature, all of them based on system balancing by employing the method of singular perturbation. These techniques have the same robustness accuracy evaluated with respect to the H∞ norm of the reducedorder system like two techniques known as the direct truncation and the balancing residualization method. A modification of these techniques preserves the exact DC gain as the original system, and produces from very good to excellent accuracy at low and medium frequencies. To illustrate the efficiency of the order-reduction techniques here presented, a real simulation example is given

Vertical and horizontal analysis of financial statements Sugar factory Osijek Ltd.

Glavna djelatnost Tvornice Šećera Osijek d.o.o. je proizvodnja šećera preradom šećerne repe i sirovog šećera, a nusproizvodi su karbokalk, melasa i repini rezanci. Dioničko društvo konstituirano je 1905. godine, a odmah nakon toga započela je i gradnja tvornice. Članica je grupe Žito koja je fokusirana na proizvodnju kvalitetne hrane. Analiza financijskih izvještaja predstavlja temelj uspješnog poslovanja. Temeljni financijski izvještaji su bilanca, račun dobiti i gubitka, izvještaj o novčanim tokovima, izvještaj o promjenama kapitala i bilješke uz financijske izvještaje. U ovom radu provedena je horizontalna i vertikalna analiza bilance i računa dobiti i gubitka te je utvrđeno smanjenje prihoda, a povećanje rashoda. Tvornica šećera je samo 2016. godine ostvarila dobitak, a ostale promatrane godine gubitak. Analiza financijskih pokazatelja uspješnosti poslovanja pokazuje izrazito negativnu tendenciju. Koeficijent likvidnosti je ispod optimalne vrijednosti, zaduženost se povećava, a smanjuje se ekonomičnost zbog ostvarenih gubitaka.The main activity of Sugar factory Osijek ltd is producing sugar from sugar beet and raw sugar. By-products of the process are carbocalk (saturation sludge), molasses and beet pulp. Sugar Factory Osijek ltd was constituted in 1905 and soon after that began the building of the factory itself. The company is a member of Žito group which is focused on production of quality food. Analysis of financial statements is the foundation to a successful business. Basic financial statements are balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flows, statement of changes in equity and notes by the financial statements. Horizontal and vertical analysis of financial statements of balance and income statement were conducted in this research. According to horizontal analysis of income statement, incomes were lower and expenses were higher. Because of that, at the end of the business year, the factory had a negative financial result in three of four years. Analysis of financial performance indicators shows highly negative tendency. Coefficient of liquidity is below optimal value, indebtedness is growing and profitability is reducing because of the losses

ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS SUGAR FACTORIES OSIJEK LTD.

Glavna djelatnost Tvornice Šećera Osijek d.o.o. je proizvodnja šećera preradom šećerne repe i sirovog šećera, a nusproizvodi su karbokalk, melasa i repini rezanci. Dioničko društvo konstituirano je 1905. godine, a odmah nakon toga započela je i gradnja tvornice. Članica je grupe Žito koja je fokusirana na proizvodnju kvalitetne hrane. Analiza financijskih izvještaja predstavlja temelj uspješnog poslovanja. Temeljni financijski izvještaji su bilanca, račun dobiti i gubitka, izvještaj o novčanim tokovima, izvještaj o promjenama kapitala i bilješke uz financijske izvještaje. U ovom radu provedena je horizontalna i vertikalna analiza financijskih izvještaja bilance i računa dobiti i gubitka. Iz horizontalne analize računa dobiti i gubitka za 2014. godinu vidimo da su se prihodi smanjili za 13,14%, a rashodi povećali za 1,54% u odnosu na 2013. i tvornica je na kraju poslovne godine ostvarila negativan financijski rezultat. Analiza financijskih pokazatelja uspješnosti poslovanja pokazuje izrazito negativnu tendenciju kretanja. Koeficijent likvidnosti je ispod optimalne vrijednosti, zaduženost se povećava, a smanjuje se ekonomičnost zbog gubitka ostvarenog u 2014. godini.The main activity of Sugar Factory Osijek ltd is producing sugar from sugar beet and raw sugar. By-products of the process are carbocalk (saturation sludge), molasses and beet pulp. Sugar Factory Osijek ltd was constituted in 1905 and soon after that began the building of the factory itself. The company is a member of Žito group which is focused on production of quality food. Analysis of financial statements is the foundation to a successful business. Basic financial statements are balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flows, statement of changes in equity and notes by the financial statements. Horizontal and vertical analysis of financial statements of balance and income statement were conducted in this research. According to horizontal analysis of income statement, incomes were lower by 13,14% and outcomes were higher by 1,54% in 2014 compared to 2013. Because of that, at the end of the business year, the factory had a negative financial result. Analysis of financial performance indicators shows highly negative tendency. Coefficient of liquidity is below optimal value, indebtedness is growing and profitability is reducing because of the losses from 2014

Biljni lekovi u apotekarskoj praksi

This paper deals with the attempt to be made some review of herbal drugs an remedies in the pharmacies in Serbia. Beside the simple number of products obtained through the inventory in the more than twenty pharmacies classification of the herbals teas and the other herbal remedies is made. Conditions treated with herbal remedies are mention, too. According to the actual literature data the information about medicinal plants and drugs whose efficacy has have confirmation through the clinical trials are given as well as the list of the most important herbal drugs which are successfully used for some therapeutical indications.U ovom radu je napravljen pokušaj prikaza stanja u apotekama s aspekta zastupljenosti biljnih lekova i drugih preparata na bazi biljnih ekstrakata. Podaci na osnovu kojih je, najvećim delom, napravljena ova analiza, prikupljeni su anketiranjem i popisom proizvoda koji je izvršen u dvadesetak apoteka i nekoliko veledrogerija (1). Biljnim lekovima su smatrani svi "čajevi" i dozirani oblici fitopreparata. Pored toga prikupljeni su i podaci o preparatima pripremljenim od pčelinjih proizvoda koji su imali dodatak biljnih ekstrakata, odnosno podaci o medicinskoj kozmetici koja je kao aktivni sastojak imala ekstrakte biljnih droga. U nastavku prikazana je tabela s podacima o terapijskim indikacijama za koje je opravdana primena biljnih lekova. Ovakav prikaz je napravljen na osnovu savremenih hemijskih i farmakoloških ispitivanja biljnih droga i efikasnosti njihove primene. Kao zaključak, može se reči da u apotekama ima dosta biljnih lekova domaćih i stranih proizvođača. Najčešće, ovi proizvodi nisu registrovani na odgovarajući način. Uputstva za upotrebu ovih preparata često, nisu dovoljno jasna i odgovarajuća. Sve ovo otežava rad farmaceutima ali i umanjuje značaj i pozitivne terapijske efekte koji bi ovi preparati mogli da imaju

Biljne droge i status biljnih lekova u Jugoslaviji

This article deals with the actual situation in Yugoslavia concerning herbal drugs and herbal remedies. First, there are given information about the production of herbal drugs through the collecting from natural populations as well as those obtained from the organized agricultural production. After the part about the quality control of drugs and plants extracts, as the very important products obtained from plant row material, is given. In addition the information about the place and status of herbal remedies in Europe and USA as well as in Yugoslavia, according to the valid registration laws are presented.U ovom radu je napravljen lični osvrt autora na aktuelno stanje vezano za proizvodnju biljnih droga u Jugoslaviji. U našoj sredini se i dalje jedan deo biljne sirovine dobija sakupljanjem iz prirode, dok se manji broj biljnih droga dobija kroz organizovanu, plantažu proizvodnju Takođe predstavljeni su osnovni parametri koji definišu kvalitet jedne biljne droge, odnosno biljnog ekstrakta. U narednom periodu, kroz rad na određivanju vrednosti ovih parametara, treba dati doprinos definisanju kvaliteta biljnih droga proizvedenih na našim prostorima. Takođe, ovi parametri se moraju proveriti kroz kontrolu domaćih i uvoznih droga pre njihove prerade i terapijske primene. Na kraju, date su neke osnovne informacije o statusu i problemima vezanim za status biljnih droga i biljnih lekova u svetu i kakvo je trenutno stanje, shodno važećim propisima, u Jugoslaviji

Farmacija i priroda – bogatstvo diverziteta

In the most general sense, nature represents the unity of soil, water and air and all living beings. Man and all his activities affect life on our planet in different ways, often through gross violations of natural laws and fine, subtle connections and mutual influences of the environment and different species and forms of the living world. Numerous initiatives over the last decades indicate that every human activity and "world of people" should be observed, estimated and evaluated from the aspect of environmental impact. The development of the economy and society as a whole must be based on technologies that are in harmony with nature and that use natural resources in an organized and controlled manner that does not lead to devastation, violation of natural laws, and environmental disasters. In the areas of health, preservation and improvement of the health of individuals and society, nature is important not only as a source of pharmaceutically active and auxiliary substances, but also as a source of ideas, problems and solutions that are hidden somewhere, and usually simple, but should be discovered and understood. From the idea of ​​a pharmaceutical product, through the development of materials and technologies for their production, analysis and control, application in different patient populations, to the proper disposal and destruction of used and unused materials and products, everything is connected and has an impact on land, water and air, as well as to all living beings on this planet. In the scientific and research sense, but also through the professional aspect of pharmacy, pharmacognosy is most often associated with nature, as the main source of natural medicinal products. In recent decades, pharmacognosy, as a concept and as a scientific discipline within the pharmaceutical sciences, has changed its focus. From the applied, descriptive botanical science, from the sixties of the last century, it moved to the chemical, biochemical and economic aspects of natural products (drugs) and their ingredients. And then in the 21st century, it becomes "a science that focuses on the study of the relationship between the structure and activity of ingredients, the therapeutic and use potential that natural products (drugs) have because of the ingredients they contain." Scientific pharmacognosy, today, should also include concrete assistance to herbal medicine manufacturers to provide safe and effective products; through research into bioavailability, bioequivalence, through standardization and quality control, but also through proper design of pharmaceutical forms and clinical studies to examine the efficacy of these medicinal products. Also, due to the growing number of different kind of products on the market, whose application is based on the presence of secondary metabolites of plants, it is necessary for pharmacists to be able to essentially understand those products, in proper, quality and safe way to produce, control and recommend them to users (1,2,3). Fundamental research within pharmacognosy still aims to use the biological diversity of plants, algae, mosses, fungi, animals and microorganisms (on land and in the aquatic environment) to discover new compounds with some pharmacological activities. Diversity in nature is not only seen through the number of living organisms. The diversity of chemically pharmacologically active structures, isolated from natural organisms, is very significant. According to certain authors, these compounds have more numerous and complex steric structures in relation to those obtained by organic synthesis. There are about 30,000 of them in the databases; about 13% were isolated from animals, 33% from bacteria, 26% from fungi, and 27% from plants (1). We are still looking for medicinal substances that will prevent the growth of malignant cells, which will prevent or cure inflammatory processes, prevent and cure infection caused by pathogenic microorganisms, and affect neurodegenerative changes. Isolated compounds are used as such, their structure is partially changed or they serve as a model of a substance for the synthesis of completely new medicinal compounds. Here are described several examples of drugs whose active components originate from plants or have partially altered structures (acarbosa, artemeter, docetaxel, paclitaxel, galantamine, camptothecin-irinothecan-topothecan...) (1). Prostratin (Homolanthus nutans, Euphorbiaceae), resveratrol, huperzine A, as well as artemisinin or betulinic acid are still the subject of clinical trials. Also, herbal extracts are still being studied as active ingredients of herbal medicines, which achieve effects through the synergism of their ingredients. Researchers in the field of natural products are also engaged in current research on the use of waste materials to create new useful products and more complete use of biomass. In the presentation itself, different approaches to the research of natural medicinal products will be explained and documented in more detail. It should also be emphasized that the largest amount of plant raw material for the isolation of compounds or the production of extracts is now produced by field production; production by fermentation of microorganisms is also used, and very rarely in bioreactors using cell cultures (taxol and ginseng biomass, for example). Equipment and technology are available, but problems arise regarding the price of the products obtained in this way.Naopštije posmatrano, priroda predstavlja jedinstvo zemljišta, vode i vazduha i svih živih bića. Čovek i sve njegove aktivnosti utiču na život na našoj planeti na različite načine, često kroz grubo narušavanje prirodnih zakonitosti i fine, suptilne povezanosti i međusobnih uticaja sredine i različitih vrsta i oblika živog sveta. Brojne inicijative u toku poslednjih decenija ukazuju da svaka aktivnost čoveka i “sveta ljudi” treba da se posmatra, procenjuje i vrednuje i sa aspekta uticaja na životnu sredinu. Razvoj ekonomije i društva u celini mora biti zasnovan na tehnologijama koje su u saglasju sa prirodom i koje prirodne resurse koriste na organizovan i kontrolisan način koji ne dovodi do devastiranja, narušavanja prirodnih zakonitosti i ekoloških katastrofa. Za oblast zdravstva, očuvanje i unapređenje zdravlja pojedinca i društva, priroda je važna ne samo kao izvor farmaceutski aktivnih i pomoćnih supstanci, već i kao izvor ideja, problema i rešenja koja su negde skrivena, i najčešće jednostavna, ali ih treba otkriti i razumeti. Od ideje za farmaceutski proizvod, preko razvoja materijala i tehnologija za njihovu proizvodnju, analizu i kontrolu, primene kod različitih populacija pacijenata, do pravilnog odlaganja i uništavanja iskorišćenog i neiskorišćenog materijala i proizvoda, sve je povezano i ima uticaj na zemlju, vodu i vazduh, kao i na sva živa bića na ovoj planeti. U naučnom i istraživačkom smislu, ali i kroz profesionalni aspekt farmacije, farmakognozija se najčešće povezuje sa prirodom, kao glavnim izvorom prirodnih lekovitih proizvoda. Poslednjih decenija, farmakognozija, kao pojam i kao naučna disciplina u okviru farmaceutskih nauka, menja svoje težište. Od primenjene, deskriptive botaničke nauke, od šezdesetih godina prošlog veka, pomerala se ka hemijskim, biohemijskim i ekonomskim aspektima prirodnih proizvoda (droga) i njihovih sastojaka. A onda u 21. veku postaje „nauka koja u centru interesovanja ima proučavanje odnosa strukture i aktivnosti sastojaka, terapijskog i upotrebnog potencijala koji imaju prirodni proizvodi (droge) zbog sastojaka koje sadrže“. Naučna farmakognozija, danas, treba da obuhvati i konkretnu pomoć proizvođačima biljnih lekova za obezbeđivanje sigurnih i efikasnih proizvoda; kroz istraživanje bioraspoloživosti, bioekvivalencije, kroz standardizaciju i kontrolu kvaliteta, ali i kroz pravilno dizajniranje farmaceutskih oblika i kliničkih studije za ispitivanje efikasnosti ovih lekovitih proizvoda. Takođe, zbog sve većeg broja različitih proizvoda na tržištu, čija je primena zasnovana na prisustvu sekundarnih metabolita biljaka, neophodno je da farmaceuti budu osposobljeni da ove proizvode suštinski razumeju, na pravilan, kvalitetan i bezbedan način proizvedu, kontrolišu, preporuče korisnicima (1,2,3). Fundamentalna istraživanja u okviru farmakognozije i dalje imaju cilj da biološku razvnovrsnost biljaka, algi, mahovina, gljiva, životinja i mikroorganizama (na kopnu i u vodenoj sredini) iskoriste da otkriju nova jedinjenja, nosioce određenih farmakoloških aktivnosti. Diverzitet u prirodi se ne sagledava samo kroz broj živih organizama. Veoma je značajan diverzitet hemijskih farmakološki aktivnih struktura, izolovanih iz prirodnih organizama. Po određenim autorima, ove jedinjenja su brojnija i komleksnije sterne strukture u odnosu na ona dobijena organskom sintezoma. U bazama podataka ima ih oko 30000; oko 13% je izolovano iz životinja, 33% iz bakterija, 26 % iz gljiva i 27 % iz biljaka (1). I dalje se traga za lekovitim supstancama koje će sprečiti rast malignih ćelija, koje će sprečiti ili izlečiti procese inflamacije, onemogućiti i izlečiti infekciju patogenim S | 8 mikroorganizmima i uticati na neurodegenerativne promene. Izolovana jedinjenja se koriste kao takva, delimično im se menja struktura ili služe kao model supstance za sintezu sasvim novih lekovitih jedinjenja. Ovde je dato nekoliko primera lekova čije aktivne komponente vode poreklo od biljaka ili su delimično izmenjene strukture (akarbosa, artemeter, docetaksel, paklitaksel, galantamin, kamptotecin-irinotekan, topotekan...) (1). Prostratin (Homolanthus nutans, Euphorbiaceae), resveratrol, huperzin A, kao i artemisinin ili betulinska kiselina i dalje su predmet kliničkih ispitivanja. Takođe, i dalje se proučavaju biljni ekstrakti, kao aktivni sastojci biljnih lekova, koji efekte ostvaruju kroz sinergizam svojih sastojaka. Istraživači u oblasti prirodnih proizvoda, bave se i aktuelnim istraživanja iskorišćenja odpadnih materijala za stvaranje novih korisnih proizvoda i potpunije korišćenje biomase. U samom izlaganju, različiti pristupi istraživanja prirodnih lekovitih proizvoda će biti detaljnije objašnjeni i dokumentovani. Treba, takođe, naglasiti da se najveća količina biljne sirovine za izolaciju jedinjenja ili izradu ekstrakata, danas proizvodi ratarskom proizvodnjom; koristi se i proizvodnja fermentacijom mikroorganizama, a sasvim retko u bioreaktorima korišćenjem ćelijskih kultura (taksol i biomasa žen-šena, npr.). Oprema i tehnologija su dostupne, ali problemi se javljaju kod cene ovako dobijenih proizvoda.Drugi naučni simpozijum Saveza farmaceutskih udruženja Srbije sa međunarodnim učešćem, 28. 10. 2021. BeogradPredavanje po pozivu sa skupa nacionalnog značaja (Introductory Presentation

Biljni čajevi - dopuna terapije dijabetesa

More than 800 plants have been used for the traditional treatment of diabetes. Modern experimental and clinical trials brought a proof of efficacy for some of those plants. It is believed that plants must be considered as excellent candidates for future studies on determining the mechanisms of their hypoglycemic activity, as well as for isolation and identification of active hypoglycemic substances. Meanwhile, there are no a lot of herbal remedies for the treatment of diabetes. Today, mainly herbal teas are used. The components of teas are drugs containing: polysaccharides (Guar gummi), tannins, bitter constituents (Centaurii herba, Taraxaci radix T. herba), chromium salts (Phaseoli pericarpium, Myrtilli folium) and guanidine derivatives (Galegae herba). Herbal teas have to be used as additional therapy of diabetes under medicinal control.Savremenim ispitivanjima je potvrđeno da neka jedinjenja izolovana iz biljaka (tradicionalnih lekova) poseduju "delovanje slično insulinu". Ipak mnogo je više biljaka, biljnih ekstrakata i supstanci koje se, po efektima primene i mehanizmima, mogu uvrstiti u neku od četiri grupe "oralnih antidijabetika". I pored značajnih rezultata u ispitivanju (hemijskom i farmakološkom) biljaka i tradicionalnih lekova za lečenje dijabetesa, malo je zvanično registrovanih lekovitih fitopreparata (PLS, OTC). Pored nekih dijetetskih preparata namenjenih dijabetičarima, u našim apotekama se mogu naći biljni čajevi za olakšavanje tegobe kod dijabetesa; mali je broj drugih oblika doziranih fitopreparata. Analizom sastojaka čajeva, koji se danas koriste u terapiji dijabetesa, utvrđeno je da su to droge koje sadrže polisaharide (Guar gummi), tanine, gorke sastojke (Centaurii herba, Taraxaci radix, T. herba), soli hroma (Phaseoli pericarpium, Myrtilli folium) i derivate gvanidina (Galegae herba). Pošto je potvrđeno da ove i druge biljke utiču na nivo glukoze u krvi, najčešće slično lekovima iz grupe "oralni antidijabetici", biljni preparati predstavljaju dopunu medikamentozne terapije i treba ih koristiti uz konsultaciju i pod nadzorom lekara

Drugi naučni simpozijum Saveza farmaceutskih udruženja Srbije: Farmacija i priroda - kompleksne relacije i međusobni uticaji

From the idea of a pharmaceutical product, through the development of materials and technologies for their production, analysis, and control, application in different patient populations, to the proper disposal and destroying of pharmaceutical waste, everything is connected and has an impact on the soil, water, and air, as well as to all living beings on this planet. Intending to invite the colleagues to consider how their pharmacy practice, science, and education can impact nature and global environmental trends, Pharmaceutical Association of Serbia has organized the 2nd SFUS scientific symposium, entitled Pharmacy and the Nature - Complex Relations and Mutual Impacts on 28th October 2021, in the conference center of the Science and Technology Park Belgrade, with the presence of more than 60 participants. Within the Symposium, the introductory lecture was held by Prof. Dr. Nada Kovačević, along with eight invited lectures, three oral presentations, and thirty-two poster presentations.Od ideje za farmaceutski proizvod, preko razvoja materijala i tehnologija za njihovu proizvodnju, analizu i kontrolu, primene kod različitih populacija pacijenata, do pravilnog odlaganja i uništavanja iskorišćenog i neiskorišćenog materijala i proizvoda, sve je povezano i ima uticaj na zemlju, vodu i vazduh, kao i na sva živa bića na ovoj planeti. Sa ciljem da se bolje razmotri na koji način aktivnosti u okviru farmaceutske struke, nauke i obrazovanja mogu da utiču na prirodu i glabalna ekološka kretanja, održan je 2. naučni simpozijum pod naslovom Farmacija i priroda – kompleksne relacije i međusobni uticaji. Simpozijum je organizovao Savez farmaceutskih udruženja Srbije i održan je 28. oktobra 2021. godine u konferencijskom centru Naučno-tehnološkog parka Beograd, uz prisutvo više od 60 učesnika. U okviru Simpozijuma je održano jedno uvodno predavanje, osam predavanja po pozivu, tri usmena saopštenja i prikazane su trideset i dve poster prezentacije